The Military Balance is an annual, quantitative assessment of the military power and defence expenditure of countries throughout the world.
It examines the facts of military power as they existed in July 1974, and no projections of force levels or weapons beyond this date have been included, except where explicitly stated. The study should not be regarded as a comprehensive guide to the balance of military power; in particular, it does not reflect the facts of geography, vulnerability or efficiency, except where these are touched upon in the section on the balance in Europe.
In general, national entries are grouped geographically, but with special reference to the principal regional defence pacts and alignments. Information about some smaller countries, whose military forces are of a size which has not seemed to warrant fuller description at this stage, has been set out in tabular form. Other tables give comparative information on nuclear delivery vehicles and guided missile systems, defence expenditure (with historical trends), military manpower (active and reserve), divisional organizations and arms transfer agreements. There is a separate section assessing the European theatre balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact and summarizing the statistics of forces and weapons in Europe which are the subject of negotiations for mutual reductions. There is also a short essay emphasizing the care which should be used when making comparisons of defence expenditures expressed as a percentage of Gross National Products.
Notes, which follow this Preface, will help the reader to use the current edition of The Military Balance. It is important to read them, since they amplify and give precision to the data in the national sections and tables. In addition, because some items have not appeared annually, an index is given on p. 104 which provides a guide to such occasional features in this and in the six previous editions.
The Institute assumes full responsibility for the facts and judgments which this study contains. The co-operation of governments has been sought and, in many cases, received. Not all countries have been equally co-operative, and some figures have necessarily been estimated. The Institute owes a considerable debt to a number of its own members and consultants, who have helped in compiling and checking material.
The Military Balance is complemented by the Institute's other annual handbook, Strategic Survey, published each spring, which reviews the most significant issues of international security and strategic policy in every major country and area of the world during the previous calendar year and is designed to enable subsequent events to be followed.
September 1974
ВВЕДЕНИЕ Военный баланс представляет собой ежегодную количественную оценку военной мощи и оборонных расходов стран во всем мире.
Он исследует факты военной мощи, как они существовали в июле 1974 года, и никаких прогнозов уровней силы или оружия за пределами этой даты не включены, кроме случаев, когда явно указано. Исследование не следует рассматривать в качестве всеобъемлющего руководства по балансу военной мощи; в частности, оно не отражает фактов географии, уязвимости или эффективности, за исключением тех случаев, когда они затрагиваются в разделе, посвященном балансу в Европе.
В целом национальные позиции сгруппированы географически, но с особым упором на основные региональные оборонные пакты и союзы. Информация о некоторых более мелких странах, численность Вооруженных сил которых на данном этапе, как представляется, не требует более полного описания, приводится в табличной форме. В других таблицах приводится сравнительная информация о средствах доставки ядерного оружия и управляемых ракетных системах, оборонных расходах (с историческими тенденциями), военном персонале (действующем и резервном), организациях дивизий и соглашениях о передаче оружия. Отдельный раздел посвящен оценке европейского баланса между NATO и Варшавским пактом и обобщению статистических данных о силах и вооружениях в Европе, которые являются предметом переговоров о взаимных сокращениях. Существует также краткое эссе, подчеркивающее осторожность, которая должна использоваться при сравнении оборонных расходов, выраженных в процентах от валового национального продукта.
Примечания, которые следуют за этим предисловием, помогут читателю использовать издание военного баланса. Важно ознакомиться с ними, поскольку они объясняют и уточняют данные, содержащиеся в национальных разделах и таблицах. Кроме того, поскольку некоторые позиции не появляются ежегодно, индекс дается на р. 104 который содержит руководство по таким позициям в этом и в шести предыдущих изданиях.
Институт несет полную ответственность за факты и суждения, содержащиеся в настоящем исследовании. Правительства стремились к сотрудничеству и во многих случаях получали его. Не все страны в равной степени сотрудничают друг с другом, поэтому некоторые цифры оценочные. Институт благодарен ряду своих членов и консультантов, которые оказали помощь в сборе и проверке материалов.
The Military Balance дополняется другим ежегодным справочником Института - Strategic Survey, который публикуется каждую весну и в котором рассматриваются наиболее важные вопросы международной безопасности и стратегической политики в каждой крупной стране и районе мира в течение предыдущего календарного года и который призван обеспечить возможность проведения последующих мероприятий.
Сентября 1974 года
READERS NOTES
Regions and Countries The main geographical regions are indicated in the Table of Contents on p. iii. An alphabetical list, showing where each country entry is to be found, is on p. 2, following these notes. To the extent that national variations permit, each country entry (with the exception of those for some smaller countries) is arranged in a standard form: general information about population, military service, total military manpower strength, Gross National Product (GNP) and the current defence budget is followed by separate sections on the main armed services (army, navy, air force), each of which contains, where the information is available, sub-sections on reserves and, where relevant, on deployment of forces of a significant size.
Defence Pacts and Agreements A short description of multilateral and bilateral pacts and military aid agreements introduces each of the main regional sections of the study. Defence assistance given under less formal arrangements is also noted. Agreements which cover only economic aid are not included.
Defence expenditure
The figures quoted for defence expenditure are the latest available. Table 3 on p. 80 provides. a comparison with past expenditures, expressed in S so as to afford international comparisons, but, as many countries update these each year, the figures will not necessarily correspond with those shown in previous editions of The Military Balance. In Table 4 there are comparisons of the expenditures for NATO countries for 1969-73 using a NATO definition of the items to be included, but in all other cases a national definition of defence expenditure is used (for a note on the problems of making such international comparisons, see essay on p. 102). The defence expenditures of the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China are estimates. The problem of arriving at Soviet defence expenditure is discussed in The Military Balance 1973-74, pp. 8-9, whilst a note on p. 50 below gives an indication of the difficulty of arriving at a figure for China.
Gross National Product (GNP) GNP figures are usually quoted at current market prices. Where figures are not currently available from published sources, estimates have been made, and Table 2 uses both published and estimated GNP figures. Wherever possible the United Nations System of National Accounts has been used, rather than national figures, as a step towards greater comparability. For the Soviet Union GNP estimates are made in roubles, following the method of R. W. Campbell in *A Shortcut Method of Estimating Soviet GNP' (Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. XIV, no. 2, Fall 1972, Northern Illinois University). For the People's Republic of China a range of estimates of GNP has been given in a note on p. 50.
Currency Conversion Rates To make comparisons easier, national currency figures have been converted into United States dollars, using the rate prevailing on I July of the relevant year, generally as reported to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In all cases the conversion rates used are shown in the country entry but may not always be applicable to commercial transactions. In the case of the Soviet Union an exception has been made since the official exchange rate is unsuitable for converting rouble estimates of GNP. Various estimates of more appropriate conversion rates have been made but they have shortcomings too great to warrant using; the official rate is, however, given in the country section, together with one estimated conversion rate. Further exceptions are certain East European countries which are not members of the IMF and Rumania (which is), for which the conversion rates used are those described in Estimates of GNP, Defense, Education, and Health Expenditures of East European Countries, 1960-70, United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency paper ACDA/E-207 (Washington DC, December 1971).
Manpower The manpower figures given are, unless otherwise stated, those of regular forces. An indication of the size of militia, reserve and para-military forces is also included in the country entry where appropriate. Paramilitary forces are here taken to be forces whose equipment and training goes beyond that required for civil police duties and whose constitution and control suggest that they may be usable in support, or in lieu, of regular forces. Further information on reserves is also included in Table 6.
Equipment The equipment figures in the country entries cover total holdings, with the exception of combat aircraft, where front-line squadron strengths are normally shown. Except where the contrary is made clear, naval vessels of less than 100 tons structural displacement have been excluded. The term 'combat aircraft' comprises only bomber, fighter-bomber, strike, interceptor, reconnaissance, counter-insurgency and armed trainer aircraft (i.e. aircraft normally equipped and configured to deliver ordnance); it does not include helicopters. Basic technical details of the nuclear delivery vehicles (missiles, artillery and aircraft) available to NATO and Warsaw Pact countries are given in Table 1 on pp. 73-77. Where the term 'mile' is used when indicating the range or radius of weapon systems it means a statute mile.
Strength of Military Formations The table below gives the average establishment strength of the major military formations used in the text. The figures should be treated as approximate, since military organization is flexible, and formations may be reinforced or reduced. The manning of formations may, of course, be well below these levels.
a. Army divisions only; a Marine Corps division has 18,000 men.
b. Strength of a regiment, which is the equivalent formation in the Soviet and Chinese command structure. (The term 'regiment' is, however, often employed, particularly in West European countries, to describe a battalion-size unit, and it is so used in The Military Balance.)
Divisional strengths cover organic units only and exclude support units or services outside the divisional structure. Warsaw Pact formations and squadrons have strengths similar to those of the Soviet Union. NATO formations and squadrons not included in the table have similar totals to those of Germany unless otherwise mentioned in the text. Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have tended to adopt American military organization, while Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore generally follow British practice. A detailed breakdown of the organization of Soviet, American, West German and British divisions is given in Table 7 on p. 83.
Arms Transfers Major arms supply agreements identified as being made during the year which ended on 1 July 1974 are listed, under geographical regions, in Table 9 on pp. 88-93. Because the actual transfer of arms may take place outside that year, an indication is also given there of expected delivery dates, where these are known. Licensing arrangements, which are very widespread among the larger countries, are not normally included.
Abbreviations and Terms A list of the abbreviations used in the text is on p. viii, immediately following these Notes. For the convenience of the reader, certain important abbreviations are explained again when first used. Where a
$ sign appears it refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise stated. The term billion equals 1,000 million.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЧИТАТЕЛЕЙ
Регионы и страны Основные географические регионы указаны в оглавлении на стр. 111. Алфавитный список, показывающий, где находится каждая страна, находится на стр. 2, после этих Примечаний. До такой степени, что национальные варианты разрешения каждой стране (за исключением небольших стран) осуществляется в стандартной форме: общие сведения о численности населения, военной службы, общей численности военных, валового национального продукта (ВНП) и нынешний оборонный бюджет, далее следуют отдельные разделы по основным вооруженным силам (армия, флот, ВВС), каждый из которых содержит, где эта информация доступна, подразделы: резервы и, в соответствующих случаях, развертывание сил.
Оборонные Пакты и соглашения Краткое описание многосторонних и двусторонних пактов и соглашений о военной помощи представляются в каждом из основных региональных разделов исследования. Помощь в обороне с менее формальными механизмами тоже отмечена. Соглашения, которые охватывают только экономическую помощь, не включены.
Оборонные расходы Приведенные данные о расходах на оборону являются самыми последними. Таблица 3 на стр. 80 приводится сопоставление с прошлыми расходами, выраженными в $, с тем чтобы можно было проводить международные сопоставления, однако, поскольку многие страны ежегодно обновляют эти данные, цифры неизбежно будут соответствовать показателям, приведенным в предыдущих изданиях "военного баланса". В таблице 4 приводятся сопоставления расходов стран NATO за 1969-1973 годы с использованием определения NATO подлежащих включению статей, однако во всех других случаях используется национальное определение расходов на оборону (примечание о проблемах проведения таких международных сопоставлений см. 102). Расходы на оборону Советского Союза и Китайской Народной Республики являются оценочными. Проблема получения величины советских оборонных расходов обсуждается в военном балансе 1973-74, стр. 8-9, при этом записка на стр. 50 ниже дает представление о трудности выработки показатель для Китая.
Валовой национальный продукт (ВНП) Показатели ВНП обычно котируются по текущим рыночным ценам. В тех случаях, когда данные из опубликованных источников в настоящее время отсутствуют, были сделаны оценки, а в таблице 2 используются как опубликованные, так и оценочные показатели ВНП. Там, где это возможно, в качестве шага на пути к большей сопоставимости использовалась система национальных счетов Организации Объединенных Наций, а не национальные цифры. Для Советского Союза оценки ВНП производятся в рублях по методике Р. В. Кэмпбелла в * A Shortcut Method of Estimating Soviet GNP' (Association for Comparative Economic Studies, vol. XIV, no. 2, Fall 1972, Northern Illinois University) Что касается Китайской Народной Республики, то в примечании на стр. 50.
Курсы Конвертации Валют Для облегчения сопоставления данные в национальной валюте были пересчитаны в доллары США по курсу, действовавшему на 1 июля соответствующего года, как правило, как сообщалось Международным Валютным Фондом (МВФ). Во всех случаях используемые курсы пересчета показаны в записи страны, но не всегда могут быть применимы к коммерческим операциям. В случае Советского Союза было сделано исключение, поскольку официальный обменный курс непригоден для пересчета рублевых оценок ВНП. Были сделаны различные оценки более подходящих коэффициентов пересчета, однако они имеют слишком большие недостатки, чтобы их можно было использовать; однако официальный курс приводится в секции страны вместе с одним расчетным коэффициентом пересчета. Дальнейшие исключения ряда восточноевропейских государств, которые не являются членами МВФ и Румыния (которая), для которых коэффициенты пересчета используются те, что описаны в Estimates of GNP, Defense, Education, and Health Expenditures of East European Countries,1960-70, United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington DC, December 1971 (ACDA/E-207).
Личный состав Приведенные данные о численности личного состава, если не указано иное, относятся к регулярным силам. В соответствующих случаях в справке по стране указывается также численность ополченцев, резервных и полувоенных сил. Под военизированными формированиями здесь понимаются силы, оснащение и подготовка которых выходят за рамки обязанностей гражданской полиции и чей устав и контроль позволяют предположить, что они могут использоваться для поддержки регулярных сил или вместо них. Дополнительная информация о резервах также приводится в таблице 6.
Вооружение Данные о вооружении в справках по странам охватывают все вооружения, за исключением боевых самолетов, где обычно показаны действующие эскадрильи. За исключением случаев, когда четко указывается обратное, исключаются военно-морские суда водоизмещением менее 100 тонн. Термин ''combat aircraft': включает только бомбардировщики, истребители-бомбардировщики, штурмовики, перехватчики, разведывательные, противо-повстанческие и вооруженные учебно-тренировочные самолеты (т. е. самолеты, как правило, укомплектованные, и назначенные, доставлять боеприпасы); он не включает вертолеты. Основные технические данные о средствах доставки ядерного оружия (ракеты, артиллерия и самолеты), имеющихся в распоряжении стран NATO и Варшавского договора, приведены в Таблице 1 на стр. 73-77. Термин "миля" используется при указании дальности или радиуса действия оружейных систем, он означает статутную милю (1,6 км).
Численность воинских формирований В таблице ниже приводится средняя численность основных воинских формирований, использованных в тексте. Цифры следует рассматривать как приблизительные, поскольку военная организация является гибкой и формирования могут быть усилены или сокращены. Комплектование формирований может, конечно, быть значительно ниже этих уровней.
a. Только армейские дивизии; дивизия морской пехоты насчитывает 18 000 человек.
b. Численность полка, что эквивалентно формированию в Советской и Китайской командных структурах. (Термин "полк", однако, часто используется, особенно в западноевропейских странах, для описания подразделения размером с батальон, и он так используется в военном балансе.)
В силы дивизий включаются только органические подразделения и исключаются вспомогательные подразделения или службы за пределами структуры дивизии. Формирования и эскадрильи Варшавского договора имеют силы, аналогичные Советскому Союзу. Формирования и эскадрильи NATO, не включенные в таблицу, имеют показатели, аналогичные показателям Германии, если в тексте не указано иное. Иран, Пакистан, Филиппины, Таиланд, Япония, Южная Корея и Тайвань, как правило, имеют американскую военную организацию, в то время как Австралия, Новая Зеландия, Малайзия и Сингапур в целом следуют британской практике. Подробная разбивка организации Советского, американского, западногерманского и британского отделов приведена в таблице 7 на стр.83.
Поставки оружия Основные соглашения о поставках оружия, заключенные в течение года, закончившегося 1 июля 1973 года, перечислены в разделе "географические регионы" в таблице 9 на стр. 88-93. Поскольку фактическая передача оружия может иметь место и за пределами этого года, там же указываются предполагаемые сроки поставки, если они известны. Лицензионные соглашения, которые широко распространены в более крупных странах, обычно не включаются.
Сокращения и термины Список сокращений, используемых в тексте, приведен на стр. viii сразу же после этих Примечаний. Для удобства читателя некоторые важные аббревиатуры поясняются еще раз при первом использовании. Знак $ означает, если не указано, доллар США. Термин миллиард равен 1000 миллионам.
Strategic Weapons At the summit conference in Moscow at the end of June 1974, the United States and the Soviet Union reached no new agreement to limit offensive missiles. Each is continuing the deployment of new and improved systems within the limits agreed in 1972, and the pace of research and development is unchecked.
Offensive Systems THE UNITED STATES will have deployed 529 Minuteman 3 ICBM by the end of 1974, each with 3 MIRV, and is to procure a further 21 in the first half of 1975 to complete the programme of 550 Minuteman 3 with up to 1,650 warheads. When this conversion is complete, the remainder of the force will consist of 450 Minuteman 2, each with 3 MRV. The option to deploy a larger Minuteman 3 force is left open. A programme to strengthen substantially the 1,000 Minuteman silos has been started (to be completed by 1978), and a new Command Data Buffer system is being installed to allow rapid retargeting.* (* For a discussion of the flexible targeting doctrine, see Strategic Survey1973 (London: IISS, 1974), pp. 56-60.)
At sea, 352 Poseidon SLBM, each with 10-14 MIRV, have been, or are about to be, deployed in 22 submarines; conversion of another 9 submarines to Poseidon will be complete by 1977, when only 10 Polaris A-3 submarines will remain in service. Work has started on the Trident I SLBM with a 4,600 mile range, designed to carry MARV warheads, capable of being installed on Poseidon submarines or in the new 24-tube Trident submarine*. (*MARV: manoeuvrable re-entry vehicles (i.e., which can be manoeuvred during the terminal phase of their flight)). The projected production rate of the Trident submarine is 2 a year, and the first is to be operational at the end of 1978. There are to be 10 in all, replacing the 10 Polaris A-3 boats mentioned above and so remaining within the total of 41 submarines permitted under SALT. (The SALT Interim Offensive Agreement runs out in 1977. If, as present plans indicate, the 10 Polaris submarines are replaced with Trident, the United States would have 736 SLBM by the early 1980s - 26 more than the SALT total permits, even after using the freedom allowed by the Interim Offensive Agreement to replace 54 Titan 2 ICBM with new SLBM.) If and when such programmes are completed, the United States would have ICBM and SLBM carrying over 9,000 separately targetable warheads.
Though unconstrained by SALT, strategic bomber aircraft have been reduced (by 2 B-52 squadrons), but the B-l supersonic bomber (which is to replace the B-52) is scheduled to make its first flight by early 1975. A decision on whether to procure a B-l force of 241 is to be made in 1976.
There are a number of projects in earlier stages of development, the discontinuance of some of which is said to depend on the willingness of the Soviet Union to agree on mutual restraint. The accuracy of Minuteman 3 is to be improved, largely through testing and software (electronic) changes, and a higher-yield warhead is under study, as is terminal guidance for both Minuteman 3 and Poseidon. More distant programmes include a new, large-payload ICBM launched from existing silos and a new mobile missile, either ground- or air-launched (though the development of a mobile missile has been specifically made dependent on the Soviet Union embarking on such a course first). Development is also continuing of a new low-flying, strategic cruise missile which could be launched by aircraft, submarines or surface vessels. In addition, funds have been requested for the study of a smaller and less costly SSBN which might eventually replace the Polaris/Poseidon fleet.
THE SOVIET UNION is also undertaking important developments in strategic offensive systems. On land, 1,575 ICBM are now deployed (48 more than last year and 43 short of the ceiling imposed by the 1972 SALT Interim Agreement), and the remaining 12 new silos are likely to be operational soon, bringing the ICBM total to 1,587. Development has continued of four new ICBM: the SS-X-18, a large liquid-fuelled missile in the SS-9 class (it could fit into slightly modified SS-9 silos); the SS-X-I7 and the SS-X-19, two liquid-fuelled missiles with three to five times the throw-weight of the SS-11; and the SS-X-16, a solid-fuelled missile in the SS-13 class, which may have fixed and mobile versions. The 25 large silos started in 1970 are thought likely to be operational by mid-1975 with SS-X-18 missiles, which would then bring the Soviet 'heavy' ICBM total to the 313 permitted by the Interim Agreement. All four of the new ICBM have greater accuracy than those now deployed. The SS-X-18 has been tested with a single large RV and with 5-8 MIRV in the MT range. The SS-X-17 and SS-X-19 appear to be alternative replacements for the SS-11, with the latter seen as the most likely choice. The first has been tested with a single MT-range RV and with 4 MIRV, the second only with 4-6 MIRV. If three of the four new systems are fully deployed, the Soviet ICBM throw-weight would increase from the present 6-7 million pounds to 10-12 million pounds and would be able to deliver some 7,000 separately-targeted warheads in the MT range. (This compares with the present United States ICBM capability to deliver 2,000 separately-targeted warheads with 1-2 million pounds throw-weight.)
At sea, the Soviet Union has increased its SLBM to 720 (in 70 submarines), 92 more than a year ago. Two more Y-class boats have been launched, each with 16 SS-N-6 (1,500-1,750 mile range), making 33. Six more D-class have also been launched, making 9, each with 12 SS-N-8 with a range of 4,600 miles - the longest range of any operational SLBM. Only these two classes of submarine count against the SALT ceiling of 62 'modern' submarines. If the building rate is 6-8 per year, as has been estimated, the figure of 62 'modern' boats could be reached by around mid-1977. The current number of missiles in these and older nuclear-powered boats is 660, compared with the ceiling of 950 'modern' SLBM (this ceiling assumes that SLBM replace older ICBM; if not, the SLBM ceiling is 740). Since 18 or 19 D-class boats (each with at least 12 missiles) are under construction or have been launched, and there are 33 Y-class (each with 16), a combined total of at least 744 'modern' SLBM seems intended, thus exceeding the lower ceiling figure of 740. Newer D-class submarines being built may carry more than 12 missiles. A new version of the SS-N-6, with MRV, has been tested, probably to be' carried by Y-class submarines. In addition, a 400-mile range submarine-launched missile, the SS-N-13, which may be ballistic, is undergoing tests and may be deployed in 1975.
The first squadron of the new Soviet bomber, Backfire, may enter service in 1974/1975, with a range and refueling capacity that could give it an intercontinental role.
Defensive Systems Though the 1974 Moscow summit conference produced no new offensive missile limits, it did produce agreement to limit ABM to a single deployment area for each super-power (those which now exist) instead of two. The United States will thus not proceed with the deployment of ABM around Washington nor the Soviet Union with the site for ICBM defence. The Safeguard ABM defence for the Mimiteman force at Grand Forks becomes operational in mid-1975, and research is continuing on improving ballistic missile interceptors and radars. The Soviet Union has not added to the 64 ABM launchers deployed in the Moscow area, but has conducted flight tests of new interceptors. As far as early warning systems are concerned, the United States is continuing work on the Over-the Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar, and funds have been requested for new SLBM warning radars. The Soviet Union is also developing an OTH radar system. While the United States has reduced numbers of interceptor aircraft and SAM units, the Soviet Union has brought the advanced interceptor aircraft MiG-25 Foxbat widely into service.
General-purpose Forces The numbers in the United States armed forces have fallen by some 78,900 to 2,174,000 while those of the Soviet Union are 100,000 higher at 3,525,000.
Each is improving its conventional weapon systems. The United States has committed funds to a fourth nuclear-powered aircraft carrier; 30 new DD-963 GM destroyers are to be delivered by the end of 1978; and five nuclear-powered frigates are under construction. Twenty-seven nuclear powered attack submarines have been funded (to add to the 61 now in service), as have new antiship missiles. A new main battle tank, the XM-1, is being developed, the procurement of anti-tank missiles accelerated, and new air defence missiles are planned. The F-15 air superiority fighter is to become operational in 1976, and much work is going into defence-suppression weapons, electronic countermeasures and remotely piloted vehicles, prompted in part by lessons of the Arab-Israeli war. The Soviet Union is building a second S/VTOL aircraft carrier and has deployed new Kara-class cruisers, with three separate missile systems, and Krivak-class destroyers. A new fighter-bomber is under development (Fencer A, designed for ground attack), and others, such as the MiG-23 and Su-20, are in service. A new tank is in production. The two super-powers are thus modernizing their general-purpose forces across the whole range, matching the development in strategic systems.
Соединенные Штаты и Советский Союз
Стратегическое оружие На конференции на высшем уровне в Москве в конце июня 1974 года, Соединенные Штаты и Советский Союз достигли нового соглашения об ограничении наступательных ракет. Каждый продолжает развертывание новых и усовершенствованных систем в пределах, согласованных в 1972 году, и темпы исследований и разработок неизвестны.
Наступательные Системы США намерены развернуть 529 МБР Minuteman 3 в конце 1974 года, каждый с 3 РГЧ ИН, и приобрести еще 21 в первой половине 1975 года для завершения программы 550 Minuteman 3 с 1650 боеголовками. Когда это перевооружение будет завершено, оставшаяся часть сил будет состоять из 450 Minuteman 2, каждый с 3 РГЧ. Возможность развертывания более крупных сил Minuteman 3 остается открытой. Программа по укреплению 1000 ШПУ Minuteman началась (завершится в 1978), и новые Командные Буферные системы данных могут быть установлены, чтобы позволить быстрое перенацеливание. * (*Обсуждения гибкого нацеливания, смотри Strategic Survey1973 (London: IISS, 1974), pp. 56-60.)
На море на 22 подводных лодках было или будет развернуто 352 БРПЛ Poseidon, каждая из которых имеет по 10-14 РГЧ ИН; конверсия еще 9 подводных лодок в Poseidon будет завершена к 1977 году, когда на вооружении останутся только 10 подводных лодок с Polaris A-3. Начаты работы по созданию БРПЛ Trident I дальностью 4 600 миль, предназначенной для несения боеголовок MARV, которые могут быть установлены на подводных лодках Polaris A-3 или на новой 24-шахтной подводной лодке Trident *. (*MARV: маневренные боеголовки (т. е., которые могут маневрировать в конечной фазе полета). Прогнозируемое производство подводных лодок Trident составляет 2 в год, а первая должна быть введена в эксплуатацию в конце 1978 года. Всего их должно быть 10, заменив 10 упомянутых выше лодок Polaris A-3 и, таким образом, останутся в общей сложности 41 подводная лодка, разрешенная ОСВ. (Временное наступательное соглашение по СНВ истекает в 1977 году. Если, как показывают нынешние планы, 10 подводных лодок Polaris будут заменены Trident, Соединенные Штаты будут иметь 736 БРПЛ к началу 1980-х годов на 26 больше, чем разрешено общим количеством ОСВ, даже после использования, разрешенной временным соглашением о наступательных вооружениях, замены 54 МБР Titan 2 на новую БРПЛ.) Если такие программы будут завершены, то Соединенные Штаты будут иметь на МБР и БРПЛ более чем 9000 отдельно нацеливаемых боеголовок.
Несмотря на то, что стратегические бомбардировщики были сокращены (на 2 эскадрильи B-52), но сверхзвуковой бомбардировщик B-1 (который должен заменить B-52) должен совершить свой первый полет в начале 1975 года. В 1976 году должно быть принято решение о том, следует ли закупать 241 бомбардировщиков.
На ранних стадиях разработки находится ряд проектов, прекращение некоторых из которых, как утверждается, зависит от готовности Советского Союза договориться о взаимной сдержанности. Точность Minuteman 3 должна быть улучшена, в основном за счет тестирования и программных (электронных) изменений, и в настоящее время изучается боеголовка более высокой мощности, а также терминальное руководство как для Minuteman 3, так и для Poseidon. Более отдаленные программы включают новую МБР большой грузоподъемности, запущенную из существующих шахт, и новую мобильную ракету наземного или воздушного базирования (хотя разработка мобильной ракеты была специально поставлена в зависимость от того, начнет ли её Советский Союз первым). Продолжается также разработка новой низколетящей стратегической крылатой ракеты, которая могла бы запускаться самолетами, подводными лодками или надводными кораблями. Кроме того, были запрошены средства для изучения меньшей и менее дорогостоящей ПЛАРБ, которая в конечном итоге может заменить флот Polaris/Poseidon.
Советский Союз также проводит важные разработки в области стратегических наступательных систем. На суше 1,575 МБР сейчас развернуты (на 48 больше, чем в прошлом году и на 43 ниже установленного верхнего предела временного договора ОСВ 1972), а остальные 12 новых шахт могут быть развернуты, в результате численность МБР будет 1,587. Продолжалось развитие четырех новых МБР: SS-Х-18, большой жидко-топливной ракеты класса SS-9 (могут устанавливаться в слегка модифицированных SS-9 шахтах); SS-X-17 и SS-X-19, две жидко-топливные ракеты c забрасываемым весом в 3-5 раз больше чем SS-11; и SS-X-16, твердотопливная ракета класса SS-13, которая может иметь стационарную и мобильную версии. Считается, что 25 больших шахт, начатых в 1970 году, вероятно, будут введены в эксплуатацию к середине 1975 года с ракетами SS-X-18, что доведет число советских "тяжелых" МБР до 313, разрешенных временным соглашением. Все четыре новых МБР обладают большей точностью, чем развернутые в настоящее время. SS-X-18 была испытана с одиночной большой ГЧ и с 5-8 РГЧ ИН мегатонного диапазона. SS-X-17 и SS-X-19, по-видимому, являются альтернативными заменами SS-11, причем последняя рассматривается как наиболее вероятный выбор. Первый тестировался с одной ГЧ МТ-класса и с 4 РГЧ ИН, второй только с 4-6 РГЧ ИН. Если три из четырех новых систем будут полностью развернуты, то забрасываемй вес советских МБР увеличится с нынешних 6-7 миллионов фунтов до 10-12 миллионов фунтов и сможет они смогут доствавить около 7000 отдельно нацеленных боеголовок МТ класса. (Это сопоставимо с нынешним потенциалом МБР Соединенных Штатов по доставке 2000 отдельно нацеленных боеголовок массой 1-2 миллиона фунтов.)
На море Советский Союз увеличил число БРПЛ до 720 (на 70 подводных лодках) на 92 больше, чем год назад. Были спущены еще две лодки Y-класса, каждая с 16 SS-N-6 (1500-1750 миль), теперь их число составляет 33. Еще 6 D-класса были готовы, доведя число до 9, каждая с 12 SS-N-8 с дальностью полета 4,600 миль - самая большая из всех действующих БРПЛ. Только эти два класса подводных лодок считаются для потолка ОСВ в 62 "современных" подводных лодок. Если скорость строительства составляет 6-8 в год, как было оценено, цифра 62 "современных" лодок может быть достигнута примерно к середине 1977 года. В настоящее время количество ракет на этих и более старых атомных лодках составляет 660 по сравнению с потолком 950 "современных" БРПЛ (этот потолок предполагает, что БРПЛ заменит более старые МБР; если нет, то потолок БРПЛ - 740). 18 или 19 лодок D-класса (как минимум 12 ракет на каждой) находятся в стадии строительства или были спущены, и есть 33 Y-класса (на каждой по 16), в общей сложности не менее 744 'модерн' БРПЛ, окажется выше потолка в 740. Новые подводные лодки класса D могут нести более 12 ракет. A. новая версия SS-N-6 с РГЧ была испытана, вероятно, для несения подводными лодками Y-класса. Кроме того, в настоящее время проводятся испытания и в 1975 году может быть развернута подводная ракета SS-N-13 - 400-мильная ракета подводного базирования.
Первая эскадрилья нового советского бомбардировщика, Backfire, может поступить на вооружение в 1974/1975 годах, с дальностью и способностью дозаправки, которые могли бы дать ему межконтинентальную роль.
Оборонительные системы Хотя Московская конференция на высшем уровне 1974 года не установила новых пределов для наступательных ракет, она все же привела к соглашению об ограничении ПРО одним районом развертывания для каждой сверхдержавы (те, которые существуют сейчас) вместо двух. Таким образом, Соединенные Штаты не приступят к развертыванию ПРО вокруг Вашингтона и Советского Союза для обороны МБР. Safeguard ПРО сил Mimiteman в Гранд-Форкс готова к середине 1975 года, и продолжаются исследования по совершенствованию баллистических перехватчиков и радаров. Советский Союз не добавил к 64 пусковым установкам ПРО, развернутым в Подмосковье, но провел летные испытания новых перехватчиков. В системах раннего предупреждения США продолжает работы над загоризонтной РЛС (ОТН-В), и были запрошены средства на новые радары предупреждения о БРПЛ. В Советском Союзе также разрабатывается радиолокационная система OTH. В то время как Соединенные Штаты сократили количество самолетов-перехватчиков и ЗРК, Советский Союз ввел в эксплуатацию усовершенствованный самолет-перехватчик МиГ-25 Foxbat.
Силы общего назначения Численность Вооруженных сил США сократилась примерно на 78,900 до 2,174,000 в то время как Советский Союз увеличил на 100,000 до 3,525,000.
Каждый совершенствует свои системы обычного оружия. Соединенные Штаты выделили средства на 4-й атомный авианосец; 30 новых эсминцев DD-963 должны быть поставлены к концу 1978 года; и 5 атомных фрегатов находятся в стадии строительства. 27 атомных подводных лодок, а также новые противокорабельные ракеты были профинансированы (в дополнение к 61 находящейся на вооружении). Разрабатывается новый основной боевой танк - XM-1, ускоряются закупки противотанковых ракет, планируются новые ракеты ПВО. Истребитель превосходства в воздухе F-15 готовится вступить в строй в 1976 году, и большие работы в области РЭБ и дистанционно пилотируемых аппаратов, что отчасти связано с уроками арабо-израильской войны. Советский Союз строит второй авианосец S/VTOL и развернул новые крейсеры класса Kara с тремя отдельными ракетными системами и эсминцы Krivak-класса ". Разрабатывается новый истребитель-бомбардировщик (Fencer A, предназначенный для наземных атак), и другие, такие как МиГ-23 и Су-20, находятся на вооружении. Новый танк находится в производстве. Таким образом, две сверхдержавы модернизируют свои силы общего назначения по всему спектру, что соответствует развитию стратегических систем.
THE UNTIED STATES
Population: 213,460,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 2,174,000 (40,500 women).
Estimated GNP 1973: $1,289.1 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 585,800 million.*
(* Expected Outlay, Fiscal Year 1975. New Obligational Authority, $92,899 million; Total Obligational Authority, $92,579 million.)
Strategic Nuclear Forces: (Manpower is included in Army, Navy and Air Force totals.)
OFFENSIVE:
(A) Navy: 656 SLBM in 41 submarines.
22 SSBN, each with 16Poseidon.
19 SSBN, each with 16Polaris A3.
(B) Strategic Air Command: ICBM: 1054.
21 Minuteman 1.
450 Minuteman 2.
529 Minuteman 3.
54 Titan 2. Aircraft:
Bombers: 503.* (*Two B-52 sqn equivalents and 1 tanker sqn are rotated for duty in South-East Asia.)
66 FB-111A in 4 sqns with SRAM
180 B-52G in 12 sqns with SRAM
75 B-52H in 5 sqns with SRAM
120 B-52D in 8 sqns.
22 B-52F in 1 sqn (training).
Tankers: 615 KC-135 in 38 sqns.
Aircraft in active storage or reserve include 40 B-52D/F/G/H and 130 KC-135.
Strategic Reconnaissance: 10 SR-71A in 1 sqn; RC/EC-135, DC-130, U-2.
SRAM - Short Range Attack Missile (1,140 to be operational by mid-1975).
DEFENSIVE:
North American Air Defence Command (NORAD), HQ at Colorado Springs, is a joint American-Canadian organization.
US forces under NORAD are Aerospace Defence Command (ADC). ABM: Safeguard system with 30 Spartan and 70 Sprint ABM in 1 site to be complete by mid-1975. Aircraft (excluding Canadian):
Interceptors: 532.
(i) Regular: 7 sqns with F-106A (to be 6).
(ii) Air National Guard: 6 F-101B sqns; 10 F-102A sqns; 4 F-106A sqns (to be 6 sqns F-101, 2 sqns F-102, 6 sqns F-106 by mid-1975).
AEW aircraft: 3sqns with EC-121 (being reduced). SAM: 261, 21 Nike-Hercules batteries (to be withdrawn by mid-1975). Warning Systems:
(i) Satellite-based early warning system: three early warning satellites, one on station over the Eastern Hemisphere, two over the Western;
surveillance and warning system to detect launchings from SLBM, ICBM and Fractional Orbital Bombardment Systems (FOBS).
(ii) Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS): USAF Spacetrack (7 sites), USN SPASUR and civilian agencies;
Space Defense Centre at NORAD HQ. Satellite tracking, identification and cataloguing control,
(iii) Over-the-Horizon, Forward Scatter (OTH): 440L radar system with 9 sites; capable of detecting, but not tracking, ICBM very early in flight,
(iv) Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS): 3 stations, in Alaska, Greenland and England; detection and tracking radars with an
ICBM and IRBM capability,
(v) Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line: 31 stations, roughly along the 70 RN parallel,
(vi) Pinetree Line: 23 stations in central Canada,
(vii) 474N: SLBM detection and warning net of 4 stations on the East, 1 on the Gulf and 3 on the West coasts of the United States,
(viii) Back-Up Interceptor Control (BUIC): system for air defence command and control (all stations except one now semi-active),
(ix) Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) system for co-ordinating all surveillance and tracking of objects in North American airspace;
6 locations; combined with BUIC.
(x) Ground radar stations: some 55 stations manned by Air National Guard; augmented by the Federal Aviation Administration stations.
Nine joint use stations now in service. Army: 782,000 (13,700 women).
3 armoured divisions.
1 armoured cavalry division.
4 mechanized infantry divisions.
3 infantry divisions.
1 airmobile division.
1 airborne division.
3 armoured cavalry regiments.
1 brigade in Berlin.
1 school brigade.
2 special mission brigades in Alaska and Panama.
20 Honest John, Pershing, Sergeant and Lance SSM battalions (Lance is being introduced to replace Honest John and Sergeant).
M-48, M-60 and M-60A1/A3 and A2 (Shillelagh) med tks; M-41, M-551 Sheridan lt tks with Shillelagh ATGW;
M-557, M-114, M-113 APC;
M-107 175mm SP guns; M-108 105mm, M-109 155mm and M-110 203mm SP how;
M-56 90mm SP ATk guns; TOW and some Dragon ATGW;
Chaparral/Vulcan 20mm AA msl/gun system; Redeye and HAWK SAM.
Army Aviation; about 10,000 hel and 1,000 fixed wing ac.
DEPLOYMENT: Continental United States
(i) Strategic Reserve: 1 armd cav div; 1 inf div; 1 airmobile div; 1 AB div; 1 inf bde.
(ii) To reinforce 7th Army in Europe: 1 armd div;* 1 mech div (less 1 bde);** 1 mech div;* 1 armd cav regt.
(* These divisions have equipment stockpiled in West Germany.)
(** This division has two dual-based brigades with heavy equipment stored in West Germany.) Europe
(i) Germany: 7th Army: 2 corps, incl 2 armd divs, 2 mech inf divs, 1 mech inf bde plus 2 armd cav regts; 190,000; 2,100 medium tanks.*
(* This figure includes those stockpiled for the dual-based and Strategic Reserve divisions.)
(ii) West Berlin: HQ elements and 1 inf bde of 4,400 men.
(iii) Italy: Task force of HQ elements and 1 Sergeant SSM bn. Pacific
(i) South Korea: 1 inf div; 26,000.
(ii) Hawaii: 1 inf div (less 1 bde).
RESERVES: Authorized strength 658,000, actual strength 610,000.
(i) Army National Guard: authorized 400,000, actual 383,000; capable some time after mobilization of manning
2 armd, 1 mech and 5 inf divs, 18 indep bdes (3 armd, 7 mech and 8 inf) and 3 armd car regts,
plus reinforcements and support units to fill regular formations.
(ii) Army Reserves: authorized 258,000, actual 227,000; in 12 trg divs and 3 indep trg bdes;
48,000 a year undergo short active duty tours. Marine Corps: 196,000 (1,100 women).
3 divs (each of 18,000 men).
2 SAM bns with HAWK.
M-48 and M-103A2 med tks; LVTP-7 APC; 175mm guns; 105mm SP how; 105mm and 155mm how;
M-50 SP multiple 106mm RCL; 36 HAWK SAM.
(428 M-60A1 med tks, 100 TOW on order.)
3 Air Wings: 550 combat aircraft.
12 fighter sqns of F-4B/J with Sparrow and Sidewinder AAM.
10 attack sqns (5 each of 60 A-4E/F/M and 60 A-6A).
3 close-support sqns with 36 AV-8A Harrier.
3 recce sqns with RF-4B/C and 23 EA-6A.
3 observation sqns with OV-10A and AH-1J.
3 assault tpt/tanker sqns with 46 KC-130F.
6 heavy hel sqns with CH-53D.
9 med assault hel sqns with CH-46A.
DEPLOYMENT:
(i) Continental United States: 2 divs/air wings.
(ii) Pacific Area: 1 div/air wing.
RESERVES: Authorized strength 45,000, actual strength 34,700.
1 div and 1 air wing:
4 fighter sqns, 1 with F-4B, 3 with F-8J;
5 attack sqns with A-4C/E/L;
1 recce sqn with RF-8; 1 observation sqn with OV-10A and AH-1G;
1 tpt sqn with KC-130;
9 hel sqns (2 hy with CH-53, 6 med with CH-46, 1 lt with UH-1E, AH-1G);
1 SAM bn with HAWK. Navy: 551,000 (10,000 women); 177 major combat surface ships, 73 attack submarines. Submarines, attack: 61 nuclear, 12 diesel. Aircraft carriers:15.
1 nuclear-powered (USS Enterprise, 76,000 tons); a second will be commissioned in 1974-75.
8 Forrestal/Kitty Hawk-class (60,000 tons).
3 Midway-class (52,000 tons).
3 Hancock-class (33,000 tons; 1 training).
The larger carriers have a normal complement of 80-90 aircraft, the smaller ones 70-80.
These are organized as an air wing of 2 fighter sqns with F-4 (F-8 in the Hancock-class), 2 attack sqns with A-4 or A-7; RA-5C or RF-8 recce;
1 sqn each of S-2E and SH-3A/D/G/H hel (ASW); EKA-3B tankers. Other surface ships:
1 cruiser (nuclear) with SAM and ASROC.
3 cruisers with SAM and ASROC.
1 gun cruiser.
2 light cruisers with SAM (1 more in 1974).
3 frigates (nuclear) with SAM and ASROC (1 more in 1974-75).
26 frigates with SAM and ASROC.
29 destroyers with SAM and ASROC.
32 gun/ASW/radar picket destroyers, some with SAM and ASROC.
6 destroyer escorts with SSM, SAM and ASROC.
58 gun/radar picket escorts.
16 patrol gunboats, 2 with SSM.
65 amphibious warfare ships.
9 MCM ships (plus numerous small craft).
156 logistics and operations support ships.
Missiles incl Standard SSM/SAM, Tartar, Talos, Terrier, Sea Sparrow SAM, ASROC and SUBROC ASW. Aircraft: about 1,900 combat aircraft.
28 fighter sqns with F-14A, F-4, F-8.
42 attack sqns with A-4, A-6, A-7.
10 recce sqns with RA-5C, RF-8.
24 maritime patrol sqns with 240 P-3A/B/C.
19 ASW sqns, 10 with S-2E, 9 with SH-3A/G/H hel (5 sqns with S-3 to be in service 1974-75).
5 helicopter sqns with UH-1/2, AH-1J, RH-53D.
33 other sqns with C-l, C-2, C-9B, C-54, C-130,
35 EA-6B and 48 E-2B/C.
DEPLOYMENT (average strengths of major combat ships: some ships in the Mediterranean and Western Pacific are selectively based overseas,
the remainder are rotated from the US): 2nd Fleet (Atlantic): 4 carriers, 67 surface combatants, 1 amphibious ready group.* 3rd Fleet (Eastern Pacific): 6 carriers, 56 surface combatants. 6th Fleet (Mediterranean): 2 carriers, 17 surface combatants, 2 amphibious ready groups.* 7th Fleet (Western Pacific): 3 carriers, 25 surface combatants, 2 amphibious ready groups.* Middle East Force (Persian Gulf): 1 amphibious ship, 2 surface combatants.
(* Amphibious ready groups are 3-5 amphibious ships with a Marine battalion embarked.
Only 1 in the Mediterranean and 2 in the Pacific are regularly constituted; one is occasionally formed for the Caribbean.)
RESERVES: Authorized strength 129,000, actual strength 119,000; 3,000 a year undergo, short active duty tours.
Ships in commission with the Reserve include 37 destroyers and 26 MCM ships. Aircraft:
2 carrier attack wings: 3 A-7, 3 A-4E/L attack sqns;
1 F-4B, 3 F-8J fighter sqns, 2 recce sqns (RF-8G);
2 KA-3 tanker sqns; 2 AEW sqns with E-1B.
2 ASW groups: 6 sqns with S-2; 4 hel sqns with SH-3; 2 A-4 fighter sqns; 2 E-1B sqns.
12 MR sqns; 4 with P-3A, 8 with SP-2H.
4 tpt sqns with C-l 18. Ships in reserve*: (Many older vessels are to be scrapped and the Reserve Fleet reduced substantially during 1974-75.)
11 submarines, 6 aircraft carriers, 4 battleships, 12 heavy cruisers, 4 SAM light cruisers,
70 destroyers, 2 frigates, 78 destroyer escorts (all classes),
8 rocket ships, 74 amphibious warfare ships, 82 MCM ships/craft, 75 logistics support ships. Air Force: 645,000 (15,700 women); about 5,000 combat aircraft.
69 fighter/attack sqns with F-4, F-105, F-111 and A-7D.
13 tactical recce sqns with RF-4C, EB-66.
8 special purpose sqns with A-1E, A-37, F-105G, F-4C, O-2, OV-10, C-123, C-130, AC-130, UH-1, CH-3.
1 tactical drone sqn.
17 tactical airlift sqns with 325 C-130E.
17 hy tpt sqns, 4 with 79 C-5A, 13 with 275 C-141.
3 medical tpt, weather recce and SAR sqns with C-9, HC-130 and HH-53.
DEPLOYMENT Continental United States (incl Alaska and Iceland):
(i) Tactical Air Command: 88,000; 37 fighter sqns.
9th and 12th Air Forces,
(ii) Military Airlift Command (MAC): 58.000.
21st and 22nd Air Forces. Europe, US Air Force, Europe (USAFE): 47,000.
3rd Air Force (Britain), 16th Air Force (Spain), 17th Air Force (West Germany), and a logistics group in Turkey.
21 fighter sqns (plus 4 in the US on call) with 396 F-4C/D/E and 72 F-111E.
5 tactical recce sqns with 85 RF-84C. Pacific, Pacific Air Forces (PACAF): 48,600; 11 fighter sqns.
5th Air Force (Japan, Korea, Okinawa), 7th Air Force (Thailand), 13th Air Force (Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand).
RESERVES:
(i) Air National Guard: Authorized strength 92,000, actual 92,500; about 650 combat aircraft.
20 interceptor sqns (under ADC, see p. 5);
29 fighter sqns (17 with F-100C/D, 4 with F-105B/D, 1 with F-104, 1 with F-4C, 3 with A-7, 2 with A-37B, 1 with B-57);
7 recce sqns (4 with RF-101, 3 with RF-4C);
2 strategic tpt sqns with C-124C;
12 tactical tpt sqns (10 with C-130A/B/E, 1 with C-123J, 1 with C-7);
9 tanker gps with KC-97L;
1 electronic warfare gp with EC-121 (ADC);
3 special operations gps with C-119/U10 and 5 tactical air support gps with O-2A.
(ii) Air Force Reserve: Authorized strength 56,000, actual strength 46,000; about 420 combat aircraft.
3 fighter sqns with F-105D;
4 attack sqns with A-37;
22 tactical tpt sqns (16 with C-130A/B/E, 4 with C-123K, 2 with C-7);
1 electronic warfare sqn with EC-121;
1 special operations sqn with CH-53E; 4 SAR gps, 2 with HC-130, 2 with HH-1H.
18 Reserve Associate sqns (personnel only).
(iii) Civil Reserve Air Fleet: 246 commercial long range ac, incl 153 suitable for cargo.
THE SOVIET UNION
Population: 252,530,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 2 years; Navy and Border Guards, 2-3 years.
Total armed forces: 3,525,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: 441 billion roubles.*
(* See the Readers' Notes on pp. vi-vii for the method of estimating GNP and the problems of conversion to dollars.
The 1973 official exchange rate was $1=0.72 roubles. An American study gave $1=0.59 as a suitable 1970 GNP conversion rate,
compared with the then ruling official exchange rate of $l =0.9.)
Estimated defence expenditure 1974: 23.8 billion roubles (approximately $96 billion).*
(*This dollar estimate is only a valuation of the Soviet defence effort at US prices measured in dollars.
The method of arriving at the figure is described in The Military Balance 1973-1974, pp. 8-9.)
Strategic Nuclear Forces:
OFFENSIVE
(A) Navy: 720 SLBM in 70 submarines.
9 SSBN (D-class), each with 12 SS-N-8 missiles.
33 SSBN (Y-class), each with 16 SS-N-6 missiles.
8 SSBN (H-class) each with 3 SS-N-5 missiles.
11 diesel submarines (G-II-class), each with 3 SS-N-5 Serb missiles.*
9 diesel (G-I-class) each with 3 SS-N-4 Sark missiles.*
(* These 60 launchers are not considered strategic missiles under the terms of the Strategic Arms Limitation (Interim) Agreement.)
(B) Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF); 350,000* (*The SRF, a separate service, have their own manpower.) ICBM: 1,575.
209 SS-7 Saddler and SS-8 Sasin.
288 SS-9 Scarp.
1,018 SS-11 (including about 100 IRBM/MRBM).
60 SS-13 Savage. IRBM and MRBM: about 600.
100 SS-5 Skean IRBM.
500 SS-4 Sandal MRBM.
The majority are sited near the western border of the USSR, the remainder east of the Urals.
(C) Air Force. Long Range Air Force (LRAF); 840 combat aircraft*
(*About 75% is based in the European USSR, with most of the remainder in the Far East;
in addition there are staging and dispersal points in the Arctic.)
Long range bombers: 140.
100 Tu-95 Bear and 40 Mya-4 Bison.
Tankers: 50 Mya-4 Bison.
Medium range bombers: 700.
500 Tu-16 Badger-and 200 Tu-22 Blinder.
DEFENSIVE Air Defence Forces (PVO-Strany) 500,000: early warning and control system, fighter-interceptor squadrons and SAM units.**
(** The Air Defence Forces are a separate service with their own manpower.) Aircraft: about 2,650.
Interceptors: include about
650 MiG-17 and MiG-19,
750 Su-9,
1,250 Yak-28P Firebar, Tu-28P Fiddler, Su-11, Su-15 Flagon A and MiG-25 Foxbat.
AEW aircraft: 10 modified Tu-114 Moss. Anti-ballistic Missiles (ABM):
64 Galosh long-range missile launchers are deployed in four sites around Moscow, each with Try Add engagement radars
(another radar of this type is under construction). Target acquisition and tracking is by a phased-array Dog Bouse radar,
and early warning is given by phased-array Hen House radar on the Soviet borders.
The range of Galosh is believed to be over 200 miles, and its
warheads are nuclear, presumably in the megaton range. SAM: 9,800 launchers at about 1,650 sites.
SA-2 Guideline: about 4,500; Fan Song radar; high-explosive warhead; slant range (launcher to target) about 25 miles;
effective between 1,000 and 80,000 feet.
SA-3 Goa: Two-stage, low-level missile; slant range about 15 miles.
SA-4 Ganef: Twin-mounted (on tracked carrier), air-transportable, long-range missile with solid fuel boosters and ram-jet sustainer.
SA-5 Griffon: Two-stage, boosted high-level missile; slant range about 50 miles, with a limited capability against missiles.
SA-6 Gainful: Triple-mounted (on tracked carrier), low-level missile; slant range about 17 miles.
Army: 1,800,000.* (* Excluding Air Defence Forces.)
110 mechanized divisions.
50 tank divisions.
7 airborne divisions. SSM: (nuclear capable): about 1,000 launchers (units are organic to formations), including:
(1) FROG-1-7, range 10-45 miles.
(2) Scud A, range 50 miles.
(3) Scud B, range 185 miles.
(4) Scaleboard, range 500 miles. SAM: SA-2, SA-4, SA-6 and SA-7 Grail (manportable or vehicle mounted). Tanks: JS-2/3, T-10, T-10M hy, T-62 and T-54/55 med, PT-76 amphibious recce lt tks
(most Soviet tanks are equipped for amphibious crossing by deep wading). AFV: BTR-50P, -60, -152; BMP APC; BRDM scout car, and BMD airborne AFV. Artillery: 100mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm and 203mm field and SP guns and how; 122mm multiple RL; 140mm RL;
ASU-57 and ASU-85 SP and 85mm and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW. Anti-Aircraft Artillery: 14.5mm, 23mm, 57mm towed guns and ZSU-57-2 57mm twin-barrelled and ZSU-23-4 23mm four-barrelled tracked SP guns;
85mm, 100mm and 130mm guns.
DEPLOYMENT AND STRENGTH: Central and Eastern Europe: 31 divs:
20 divs (10 tank) in East Germany; 2 tank divs in Poland; 4 divs (2 tank) in Hungary; and 5 divs (2 tank) in Czechoslovakia;
9,025 medium tanks. European USSR: 63 divs (about 22 tank). Central USSR: 5 divs (1 tank). Southern USSR: 23 divs (3 tank). Sino-Soviet border: 45 divs, incl 2 in Mongolia (about 8 tank).
Soviet divisions have three degrees of combat readiness:
Category 1, between three-quarters and full strength, with complete equipment;
Category 2, between half and three-quarters strength, with complete fighting vehicles;
Category 3, about one-third strength, possibly with complete fighting vehicles (though some may be obsolescent).
The 31 divs in Eastern Europe are Category 1, as are a small number of those in the European USSR and the Far East and a few in the
Southern USSR.
The remaining divisions in European USSR, Southern USSR and the Far East are probably evenly divided between Categories 2 and 3.
The divisions in Central USSR are likely to be in Category 3. At full strength, tk divs have 325 med tks; mech divs 255. Outside the Warsaw Pact area:
Afghanistan 150, Algeria 600, Cuba 1,000, Egypt 500, Iraq 600, North Vietnam 1,000, Somali Republic 1,000, Syria 2-3,000,
People's Democratic Republic of South Yemen 200. Navy:475,000 (incl Naval Air Force, 75,000; Naval Infantry, 17,000, and Coast Artillery and Rocket Troops, 10,000);
221 major surface combat ships, 245 attack and cruise missile submarines, 70 nuclear, 175 diesel. Submarines:
Attack: 30 nuclear (10 N-, 15 V-, 3 E-I-, 1 U-, 1 A-class); 140 diesel (50 F-, 10 R-, 20 Z-, 59 W-, 1 T-class).
Cruise missile: 40 nuclear (1 P-, 10 C-, 29 E-class); 25 diesel (15 J-, 10W-class), with SS-N-3 and SS-N-7.
Coastal: 10 diesel (5 B-, 5 Q-class). Surface ships:
2 Moskva-class ASW helicopter cruisers, each with 2 twin SAM and about 20 Ka-25 hel.
3 Kara-class ASW cruisers with SSM and SAM.
4 Kresta-class ASW cruisers with SSM and SAM.
6 Kresta II-class ASW cruisers with SSM and SAM.
4 Kynda-class cruisers with SSM and SAM.
13 Sverdlovv-class cruisers (3 with SAM, 2 with hel), and 1 older cruiser.
6 Krivak-class destroyers with SSM and SAM.
6 Kanin-class ASW destroyers with SAM.
3 Krupny-class destroyers with SSM.
19 Kashin-class ASW destroyers with SAM.
8 modified Kotlin-class destroyers with SAM.
36 Kotlin-and Skory-class destroyers.
110 other ocean-going escorts.
8 Nanuchka-class coastal escorts with SSM and SAM.
150 submarine chasers.
130 Osa-and Komar-class, FPB with Styx SSM.
300 patrol and torpedo boats.
260 minesweepers (125 coastal).
100 amphibious ships.
100 landing craft.
25 hydrofoils.
(1 40,000-ton Kuril-class aircraft carrier, apparently designed to operate with a combined total of perhaps 25 S/VTOL ac and 36 hel,
may be in service in late 1975. A second is building.)
In addition to the above there are 50 intelligence collection vessels (AGI) and a number of trawlers used for electronic intelligence.
A proportion of the destroyers and smaller vessels may not be fully manned.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: about 715 combat aircraft.
(Most shore-based near the north-west and Black Sea coasts, organized-generally into 3 regiments of 3 sqns each at each base.)
280 Tu-16 Badger with one Kipperor two Kelt ASM.
55 Tu-22 Blinder strike and reconnaissance ac.
20 Il-28 Beagle torpedo-equipped light bombers.
50 Tu-95 Bear long-range naval reconnaissance ac.
150 Tu-16 Badger reconnaissance and tanker ac.
100 Be-2 Mail ASW amphibians.
60 Il-38 May ASW aircraft.
270 Mi-4 and Ka-25 ASW helicopters.
200 miscellaneous transports.
NAVAL INFANTRY (Marines).
Organized in brigades and assigned to fleets.
Equipped with standard infantry weapons, T-54/55 med tks, PT-76 lt tks and BTR-60P/PB APC.
COASTAL ARTILLERY AND ROCKET TROOPS
Heavy coastal guns and SS-N-3 Shaddock SSM to protect approaches to naval bases and major ports.
Coasts are covered by a coast watch radar and visual reporting system.
DEPLOYMENT (average strengths only) Northern Fleet: 160 submarines, about 80 of them nuclear; 56 major surface combat ships. Baltic Fleet: 30 submarines, 50 major surface combat ships. Black Sea Fleet: 20 submarines, 60 major surface combat ships. Pacific Fleet: 100 submarines, about 40 of them nuclear; 55 major surface combat ships. Air Force: 400,000; about 5,350 combat aircraft.* (* Excluding Air Defence Forces (PVO-Strany).) Long Range Air Force(see p. 8). Tactical Air Force: about 4,500 aircraft, incl
Yak-28, Il-28,
800 MiG-17, 500 Su-7, 300 MiG-23 Flogger,
more than 1,350 MiG-21;
Su-20, improved Fitter B, Fencer A. Air Transport Force: about 1,700 aircraft;
870 Il-14, An-8, An-24,
some 800 An-12 and Il-18 med tpts and 30 An-22 hy tpts.
2,500 hel (about 500 Mi-1, Mi-2; Mi-4, 1,000 Mi-6, Mi-8, Mi-10; Mi-12 and Mi-24).
DEPLOYMENT:
About half the Tactical Air Force is oriented towards Western Europe and a quarter towards China.
Some 1,250 aircraft are actually deployed in Eastern Europe.
There is a Tu-22 sqn in Iraq.
RESERVES: about 3,000,000 (500,000 with recent training earmarked for divisional reinforcements). Para-Military Forces: 310,000.
180,000 KGB border troops; 130,000 MVD security troops.
The border troops are equipped with tks, AFV, ac and ships; MVD have tks and AFV.
There is a part-time military training organization (DOSAAF) which takes part in such recreational activities as athletics, shooting and parachuting.
It assists in pre-military training given in schools, colleges and workers' centres to those of 15 and over.
The membership is perhaps 9 million but the number of effectives is likely to be much smaller.
Treaties The Warsaw Pact is a multilateral military alliance formed by the 'Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Co-operation' which was signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the Governments of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Rumania; Albania left the Pact in September 1968. The Pact is committed to the defence only of the European territories of the member states.
The Soviet Union is also linked by bilateral treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Rumania. Members of the Warsaw Pact have similar bilateral treaties with each other. The essence of East European defence arrangements is not therefore dependent on the Warsaw Treaty as such. The Soviet Union concluded status-of-forces agreements with Poland, East Germany, Rumania and Hungary between December 1956 and May 1957 and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all these remain in effect except the one with Rumania, which lapsed in June 1958 when Soviet troops left Rumania.
Organization The Political Consultative Committee consists, in full session, of the First Secretaries of the Communist Party, Heads of Government and the Foreign and Defence Ministers of the member countries. The Committee has a Joint Secretariat, headed by a Soviet official and consisting of a representative from each country, and a Permanent Commission, whose task is to make recommendations on general questions of foreign policy for Pact members. Both are located in Moscow.
Since the 1969 reorganization of the Pact the non-Soviet Ministers of Defence are no longer directly subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Pact but, together with the Soviet Minister, form the Council of Defence Ministers, which is the highest military body in the Pact. The second military body, the Joint High Command, is required by the Treaty 'to strengthen the defensive capability of the Warsaw Pact, to prepare military plans in case of war and to decide on the deployment of troops'. The Command consists of a Commander-in-Chief and a Military Council. This Council meets under the chairmanship of the C-in-C and includes the Chief-of-Staff and permanent military representatives from each of the allied armed forces. It seems to be the main channel through which the Pact's orders are transmitted to its forces in peacetime and through which the East European forces are able to put their point of view to the C-in-C. The Pact also has a Military Staff, which includes non-Soviet senior officers. The posts of C-in-C and Chief-of-Staff of the Joint High Command have, however, always been held by Soviet officers, and most of the key positions are still in Soviet hands.
In the event of war, the forces of the other Pact members would be operationally subordinate to the Soviet High Command. The command of the air defence system covering the whole Warsaw Pact area is now centralized in Moscow and directed by the C-in-C of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. Among the Soviet military headquarters in the Warsaw Pact area are the Northern Group of Forces at Legnica in Poland; the Southern Group of Forces at Budapest; the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany at Zossen-Wiinsdorf, near Berlin; and the Central Group of Forces at Milovice, north of Prague. Soviet tactical air forces are stationed in Poland, East Germany, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
The Soviet Union has deployed short-range surface-to-surface missile (SSM) launchers in Eastern Europe. Most East European countries also have short-range SSM launchers, but there is no evidence that nuclear warheads for these missiles have been supplied to them. Longer-range Soviet missiles are all based in the Soviet Union.
ВАРШАВСКИЙ ДОГОВОР
Договор
Варшавский договор - это многосторонний военный союз, образованный на основе "Договора о дружбе, взаимной помощи и сотрудничестве", который был подписан в Варшаве 14 мая 1955 года правительствами Советского Союза, Албании, Болгарии, Чехословакии, Восточной Германии, Венгрии, Польши и Румынии; Албания вышла из договора в сентябре 1968 года. Пакт привержен защите только европейских территорий государств-членов.
Советский Союз также связан двусторонними договорами о дружбе и взаимной помощи с Болгарией, Чехословакией, ГДР, Венгрией, Польшей и Румынией. Члены Варшавского договора имеют аналогичные двусторонние договоры друг с другом. Таким образом, суть восточноевропейских оборонных договоренностей не зависит от Варшавского договора как такового. Советский Союз заключил соглашения о статусе сил с Польшей, ГДР, Румынией и Венгрией в период с декабря 1956 года по май 1957 года и с Чехословакией в октябре 1968 года; все они остаются в силе, за исключением Румынии, который закончился в июне 1958 года, когда советские войска покинули Румынию.
Организация
В состав политического консультативного комитета в полном составе входят первые секретари Коммунистических партий, главы правительств и министры иностранных дел и обороны стран-членов. Комитет имеет совместный Секретариат, возглавляемый Советским должностным лицом и состоящий из представителей каждой страны, и постоянную комиссию, задача которой состоит в вынесении рекомендаций по общим вопросам внешней политики для членов пакта. Оба расположены в Москве.
После реорганизации пакта в 1969 году министры обороны несоветских стран больше не подчиняются непосредственно главнокомандующему пакта, а вместе с Советским министром образуют Совет министров обороны, который является высшим военным органом пакта. Второй военный орган - Объединенное Верховное Командование - обязано договором "укреплять обороноспособность Варшавского договора, готовить военные планы на случай войны и принимать решения о размещении войск". Командование состоит из Главнокомандующего и Военного Совета. Этот совет заседает под председательством командующего и включает начальника штаба и постоянных военных представителей от всех вооруженных сил союзников. По-видимому, это основной канал, по которому приказы пакта передаются его силам в мирное время и по которому восточноевропейские силы могут изложить свою точку зрения командующему в Пакте также есть военный штаб, в который входят не советские старшие офицеры. Однако должности командующего и начальника Штаба объединенного Верховного командования всегда занимали советские офицеры, и большинство ключевых должностей по-прежнему находятся в советских руках.
В случае войны силы других участников пакта находились бы в оперативном подчинении Советского Верховного командования. Командование системой противовоздушной обороны, охватывающей весь район Варшавского договора, в настоящее время централизовано в Москве и управляется командующим Советских Войск Противовоздушной обороны. Среди советских военных штабов в районе Варшавского договора - Северная группа войск в Легнице в Польше; Южная группа войск в Будапеште; группа советских войск в Германии в Зоссен-Винсдорфе, недалеко от Берлина; и Центральная группа сил в Миловице, к северу от Праги. Советские тактические ВВС дислоцируются в Польше, ГДР, Венгрии и Чехословакии.
Советский Союз развернул пусковые установки ракет малой дальности класса "земля-земля" в Восточной Европе. Большинство восточноевропейских стран также имеют пусковые установки БР малой дальности, но нет никаких доказательств того, что им были поставлены ядерные боеголовки для этих ракет. Советские ракеты большой дальности базируются в Советском Союзе.
* East European Warsaw Pact formations are not all manned at the same level. They can be regarded as being in two categories:
Category 1 formations up to three-quarters of establishment strength;
Category 2 unlikely to be at more than a quarter of establishment strength.
BULGARIA
Population: 8,700,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 2 years; Navy, 3 years.
Total regular forces: 152,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $12.2 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 483 million leva ($345 million). $1=1.4 leva. Army: 120,000.
8 motorized rifle divisions.*
5 tank brigades.*
Some hy tks; 150 T-34, 1,800 T-54/55, 50 T-62 med tks; 250 PT-76 lt tks;
2,350 BTR-40, -50, -60 and -152 APC;
1,040 85mm, 100mm, 122mm and 152mm guns and how; SU-100 SP guns; 100 RL;
33 FROG and 18 Scud SSM;
340 57mm and 76mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper ATGW;
450 37mm, 57mm, 85mm and 100mm AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
RESERVES: 250,000. Navy: 10,000.
2 submarines.
2 Riga-class escorts.
6 SO-I- and 2 Kronstadt-type coastal escorts.
20 MCM ships (2 T-43,-4 Vanya, 4 T-30 classes).
5 Osa-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
24 patrol boats (ex-Soviet PO-2 type).
8 Shershen and 8 P-4 torpedo boats.
20 landing craft.
2 Mi-1, 6 Mi-4 helicopters.
RESERVES: 15,000. Air Force: 22,000; 267 combat aircraft."
6 fighter-bomber squadrons with 72 MiG-17.
4 interceptor squadrons with 48 MiG-21.
3 interceptor squadrons with 40 MiG-19.
5 interceptor squadrons with 60 MiG-17.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 12 Il-28.
2 recce sqns with 35 MiG-15, MiG-17 and MiG-21.
2 tpt sqns with 4 Li-2, 6 An-2, 4 Il-18 and 10 Il-14.
3 hel sqns with 36 Mi-4 helicopters.
2 SAM battalions with SA-2.
1 parachute regiment.
RESERVES: 20,000. Para-Military Forces: 20,000, including border guards (15,000); security police; a volunteer People's Militia of 150,000.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Population: 14,540,000.
Military service: 24 months.
Total regular forces: 200,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $35.3 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 17.3 billion koruny ($1,384 million). $1=12.5 koruny. Army: 155,000.
5 tank divisions.*
5 motorized rifle divisions.*
1 airborne brigade.*
Some hy tks; about 3,500 med tks, mostly T-54/55 with some T-62;
OT-65 scout cars; OT-62 and OT-64 APC;
1,200 100mm, 122mm and 152mm guns and how; 120mm mor; 200 RL;
33 FROG, 27 Scud SSM;
57mm, 85mm, 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW;
850 30mm, 57mm and 85mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 300,000. Air Force: 45,000; 500 combat aircraft.
12 FGA sqns with 56 Su-7 and 112 MiG-17.
18 interceptor sqns with 84 MiG-19 and 168 MiG-21.
6 recce sqns with 80 MiG-21 and Il-28.
About 40 An-24, Il-14 and Il-18 transports.
About 180 Mi-1, Mi-4 and Mi-8 helicopters.
Some L-39 Albatross trainer/light attack.
About 20 SA-2 SAM sites.
RESERVES: 50,000. Para-Military Forces: Border troops (Pohranicki straz) 35,000 (subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior);
a part-time People's Militia of about 120,000.
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Population: 17,010,000.
Military service: 18 months.
Total regular forces: 145,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $38.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 8,900 million Ostmarks ($2,171 million). $1=4.1 Ostmarks. Army: 100,000.
2 tank divisions.*
4 motorized rifle divisions.*
Some hy tks; about 2,000 T-54, T-55, T-62 med tks; several hundred T-34 (used for training); about 130 PT-76 lt tks;
BRDM scout cars; BTR-50P, -60P, -152 APC;
SU-100 sp guns; 85mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm guns; 122mm RL;
FROG 7, Scud B SSM;
57mm, 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW;
23mm, 57mm SP and 100mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 200,000. Navy: 17,000.
2 Riga-type escorts.
20 coastal escorts.
20 SO-I and Hat-type submarine chasers.
12 Osa-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
6 fleet and 40 medium minesweepers.
60 MTB(15 Shershen, 45 less than 100 tons).
20 landing ships and craft.
1 hel sqn with 8 Mi-4 helicopters.
RESERVES: 30,000. Air Force: 28,000; 334 combat aircraft.
3 FGA squadrons with 40 MiG-17.
18 fighter squadrons with 294 MiG-21.
34 transports, incl Il-14, Il-18, Tu-124 and Tu-134.
85 Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi-4, Mi-8 and Mi-24 helicopters.
5 AD regiments with about 120 57mm and 100mm AA guns.
2 AD battalions with SA-2 SAM.
RESERVES: 30,000. Para-Military Forces: 70,000. 46,000 Border
Guards (Grenzsc'/wtztnippen), 24,000 security troops; 400,000 in the Workers' Militia (Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse).
HUNGARY
Population: 10,480,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total regular forces: 103,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $16.9 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 10,610 million forints ($457 million). $1=23.2 forints. Army: 90,000.
1 tank division.*
5 motorized rifle divisions.*
About 1,500 T-54/55, 30 T-62, some 100T-34 med tks; 150 PT-76 lt tks;
1,450 BTR-40 scout cars; 400 BTR-50, -60, -152 APC;
630 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 152mm guns and how; 80 RL;
18 FROG, 12 Scud SSM;
350 57mm, 76mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW;
350 23mm to 100mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 150,000. Air Force: 13,000; 108 combat aircraft.
3 FGA sqns with 12 Su-7 and 24 MiG-17.
6 interceptor sqns with 36 MiG-19, 36 MiG-21.
Some 5 An-2, 10 I1-14 and 10 Li-2 transport aircraft.
About 25 Mi-1, Mi-4 and Mi-8 helicopters.
2 SAM battalions with SA-2.
RESERVES: 13,000. Para-Military Forces: 25,000 border guards, 150,000 Workers' Militia.
POLAND
Population: 33,410,000.
Military service: Army, internal security forces and Air Force, 2 years; Navy and special services, 3 years.
Total regular forces: 303,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $51.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 45.2 billion zloty ($2,073 million). $1=21.8 zloty. Army: 220,000.
5 tank divisions.*
8 motorized rifle divisions.*
1 airborne division.*
1 amphibious assault division.*
Some hy tks; 3,400 T-34, T-54/55 and T-62 med tks; about 250 PT-76 lt tks;
FUG and BRDM scout cars; OT-62, -64 and BTR-152 APC and K-61 amphibious tpts;
1,370 85mm ASU-85 AB assault guns; 122mm, 152mm guns and how;
FROG 7, Scud SSM; 250 RL;
350 57mm, 85mm, 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW;
800 23mm, 57mm SP AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
DEPLOYMENT: Egypt (UNEF) 821, Syria (UNDOF) 88.
RESERVES: 500,000. Navy: 25,000 (incl 1,000 marines); 48 combat aircraft.
4 W-class submarines.
1 Kotlin-class destroyer with SA-N-1.
3 destroyers.
27 submarine chasers/patrol craft.
24 fleet and 25 inshore minesweepers.
12 Osa-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
15 P-6, 9 Wisla-class torpedo boats.
38 fast patrol boats.
23 Polnocny-class landing ships.
40 MiG-17, 8 Il-28 lt bomber/recce and some 32 Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi-4 helicopters.
RESERVES: 40,000. Air Force: 58,000; 734 combat aircraft.
4 light bomber squadrons with 30 Il-28.
12 fighter-bomber sqns with 200 MiG-17 and Su-7.
36 interceptor squadrons with 240 MiG-17, 36 MiG-19 and 156 MiG-21.
6 recce sqns with 48 MiG-21 and 24 Il-28.
About 35 An-2, An-12, An-24, Il-12, Il-14, Il-18 and Li-2 transports.
140 helicopters, including Mi-1, Mi-2, Mi-4 and Mi-8.
About 180 SA-2 SAM at 30 sites.
RESERVES: 60,000. Para-Military Forces: 73,000 border troops, incl armoured brigades of the Territorial Defence Force: 34 small patrol boats operated by the coastguard;
350,000 Citizens Militia (ORMA).
RUMANIA
Population: 21,230,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 16 months; Navy, 2 years.
Total regular forces: 171,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $31.0 billion. Defence budget 1974: 8.585 billion lei ($572 million). $1=15.0 lei. Army: 141,000.
2 tank divisions.*
8 motorized rifle divisions.*
2 mountain brigades.*
1 airborne regiment.*
Some hy tks; 1,700 T-34, T-54/55 med tks; 270 PT-76 lt tks;
560 BTR-40, -50P, -60P, -152 APC;
SU-100 SP guns; 610 85mm, 122mm, 152mm guns; 110 RL;
30 FROG, 12 Scud SSM;
360 57mm, 76mm ATk guns; Sagger, Snapper, Swatter ATGW;
300 37mm, 57mm and 100mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 400,000. Navy: 9,000.
3 Poti- and 3 Kronstadt-class patrol vessels.
5 Osa-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
30 MCM ships (12 ex-Soviet T-301-class).
10 P-4 torpedo boats.
4 Mi-4 helicopters.
RESERVES: 10,000. Air Force: 21,000; 290 combat aircraft.
5 FGA sqns with 80 MiG-17 and Su-7.
15 interceptor sqns with 200 MiG-17, MiG-19 and MiG-21.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 10 Il-28.
1 transport squadron with about 30 Il-14 and Li-2.
10 Mi-4 helicopters.
SA-2 SAM.
RESERVES: 25,000. Para-Military Forces: 40,000, including border troops; a militia of about 500,000.
Treaties The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in 1949 by Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 and West Germany in 1955. The Treaty unites Western Europe and North America in a commitment to consult together if the security of any one member is threatened, and to consider an armed attack against one as an attack against all, to be met by such action as each of them deems necessary, 'including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area'.
The Paris Agreements of 1954 added a Protocol to the Treaty aimed at strengthening the structure of NATO and revised the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which now includes Italy and West Germany in addition to its original members (Benelux countries, Britain and France). The Brussels Treaty signatories are committed to give one another 'all the military and other aid and assistance in their power' if one is the subject of 'armed aggression in Europe'. Since 1969 members of the Atlantic Alliance can withdraw on one year's notice; the Brussels Treaty was signed for 50 years.
Organization The Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty is known as NATO. The governing body of the Alliance, the North Atlantic Council, which has its headquarters in Brussels, consists of Ministers from the fifteen member countries, who normally meet twice a year, and of ambassadors representing each government, who are in permanent session.
In 1966, France left-the integrated military organization, and the 14-nation Defence Planning Committee (DPC) was formed, on which France does not sit. It meets at the same levels as the Council and deals with questions related to NATO integrated military planning and other matters in which France does not participate. The Secretary-General and an international staff advise on the politico-military, financial, economic and scientific aspects of defence planning.
Two permanent bodies for nuclear planning were established in 1966. The first, the Nuclear Defence Affairs Committee (NDAC), is open to all NATO members (France, Iceland and Luxembourg do not take part); it normally meets at Defence Minister level once or twice a year, to associate non-nuclear members in the nuclear affairs of the alliance. The Secretary-General is Chairman of the NDAC.
The second, the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG), derived from and subordinate to the NDAC, has seven or eight members, and is intended to go further into the details of topics raised there. The composition consists, in practice, of Britain, Germany, Italy and the United States, plus three or four other member countries serving in rotation, each for a term of 18 months. On 1 July 1974 there were four such members: Canada, Greece, the Netherlands and Norway. The Secretary General also chairs the NPG.
The EUROGROUP, which was set up by West European member states of the Alliance (with the exception of France, Portugal and Iceland) in 1968, is an informal consultative body acting to coordinate and improve the West European military contribution to the Alliance. Its activities have included the European Defence Improvement Programme (1970) and Principles of Co-operation in the Armaments Field (1972).
The Council's military advisers are the Military Committee, which gives policy direction to the NATO military commands. The Military Committee consists of the Chiefs-of-Staff of all member countries except France, which maintains a liaison staff, and Iceland, which is not represented; in permanent session the Chiefs-of-Staff are represented by Military Representatives, who are located in Brussels together with the Council. The Military Committee has an independent Chairman and is served by an integrated international military staff. The major NATO commanders are responsible to the Military Committee, although they also have direct access to the Council and heads of Governments.
The principal military commands of NATO are Allied Command Europe (ACE), Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) and Allied Command Channel (ACCHAN).
The NATO European and Atlantic Commands participate in the Joint Strategic Planning System at Omaha, Nebraska, but there is no Alliance command specifically covering strategic nuclear forces. As for ballistic-missile submarines, the United States has committed a small number (and Britain all hers) to the planning control of SACEUR and a larger number to SACLANT.
The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) have always been American officers; and the Commander-in-Chief Channel (CINCCHAN) and Deputy SACEUR and Deputy SACLANT British, SACEUR is also Commander-in-Chief of the United States Forces in Europe.
(i) ALLIED COMMAND EUROPE (ACE) has its headquarters, known as SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe), at Casteau, near Mons, in Belgium. It is responsible for the defence of all NATO territory in Europe except Britain, France, Iceland and Portugal, and for that of all Turkey. It also has general responsibility for the air defence of Britain.
The European Command has some 7,000 tactical nuclear warheads in its area. The number of delivery vehicles (aircraft, missiles and howitzers) is over 2,000, spread among all countries, excluding Luxembourg. The nuclear explosives themselves, however, are maintained in American custody, with the exception of certain British weapons. (There are, additionally, French nuclear weapons in France.) Tactical nuclear bombs and missile warheads are all fission. There is a very wide range in the kiloton spectrum, but the average yield of the bombs stockpiled in Europe for the use of NATO tactical aircraft is about 100 kilotons, and of the missile warheads, 20 kilotons.
About 63 division equivalents are available to SACEUR in peacetime. The Command has some 2,800 tactical aircraft, based on about 150 standard NATO airfields and backed up by a system of jointly financed storage depots, fuel pipelines and signal communications. The majority of the land and air forces stationed in the Command are assigned to SACEUR, while the naval forces are normally earmarked.
The 2nd French Corps of two divisions (which is not integrated in NATO forces) is stationed in Germany under a status agreement reached between the French and German Governments. Cooperation with NATO forces and commands has been agreed between the commanders concerned. The following Commands are subordinate to Allied Command Europe:
(a) Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) has command of both the land forces and the air forces in the Central European Sector. Its headquarters are at Brunssum in the Netherlands, and its Commander (CINCENT) is a German general.
The forces of the Central European Command include 23 divisions, assigned by Belgium, Britain, Canada, West Germany, the Netherlands and the United States, and about 1,600 tactical aircraft.
The Command is sub-divided into Northern Army Group (NORTHAG) and Central Army Group (CENTAG). NORTHAG, responsible for the defence of the sector north of the Gottingen-Liege axis, includes the Belgian, British and Dutch divisions and four German divisions and is supported by 2nd Allied Tactical Air Force (ATAF), composed of Belgian, British, Dutch and German units. The American forces, seven German divisions and the Canadian battle group are under CENTAG, supported by the 4th ATAF, which includes American, German and Canadian units and an American Army Air Defense Command. (Under a reorganization recently agreed, operational air forces in Central Europe are shortly to be placed under a central command.)
(b) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) has its headquarters at Kolsaas, Norway, and is responsible for the defence of Denmark, Norway, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic Approaches. The commander (CINCNORTH) has always been a British general. Most of the Danish and Norwegian land, sea and tactical air forces are earmarked for it, and most of their active reserves assigned to it. Germany has assigned one division, two combat air wings and her Baltic fleet. Apart from exercises and some small units, United States naval forces do not normally operate in this area.
(c) Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) has its headquarters at Naples, and its commander (CINCSOUTH) has always been an American admiral. It is responsible for the defence of Italy, Greece and Turkey and for safeguarding communications in the Mediterranean and the Turkish territorial waters of the Black Sea. The formations available include 19 divisions from Turkey, 8 from Greece and 11 from Italy, as well as the tactical air forces of these countries. Other formations from these three countries have been earmarked for AFSOUTH, as have the United States 6th Fleet and naval forces from Greece, Italy, Turkey and Britain. The ground-defence system is based on two separate commands: Southern, comprising Italy and the approaches to it, under an Italian commander, and South-Eastern, comprising Greece and Turkey, under an American commander. There is, however, an overall air command and there is a single naval command (NAVSOUTH), responsible to AFSOUTH, with headquarters in Naples.
A special air surveillance unit, Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (MARAIRMED), is now operating Italian, British and American patrol aircraft from bases in Greece, Turkey, Sicily and Italy; French aircraft are participating in these operations. Its commander, an American rear-admiral, is immediately responsible to CINCSOUTH.
The Allied On-Call Naval Force for the Mediterranean (NAVOCFORMED) has consisted of at least three destroyers, contributed by Italy, Britain and the United States, and three smaller ships provided by other Mediterranean countries, depending upon the area of operation.
(d) United Kingdom Air Defence Region has its headquarters at High Wycombe, England.
(e) ACE Mobile Force (AMF), with headquarters at Seckenheim, Germany, has been formed with particular reference to the northern and south-eastern flanks. Found by seven countries, it comprises seven infantry battalion groups, an armoured reconnaissance squadron, five artillery batteries, helicopter detachments and ground-support fighter squadrons, but has no air transport of its own.
(II) ALLIED COMMAND ATLANTIC (ACLANT) has its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia, and is responsible for the North Atlantic area from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer, including Portuguese coastal waters. The commander is an American admiral.
In the event of war, its duties are to participate in the strategic strike and to protect sea communications. There are no forces assigned to the command in peacetime except Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), which normally consists, at any one time, of four destroyer-type ships. However, for training purposes and in the event of war, forces which are predominantly naval are earmarked for assignment by Britain, Canada, Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal and the United States. There are arrangements for co-operation between French naval forces and those of SACLANT. There are six subordinate commands; Western Atlantic, Eastern Atlantic, Iberian Atlantic, Striking Fleet Atlantic, Submarine Command and STANAVFORLANT. The nucleus of the Striking Fleet Atlantic has been provided by the United States 2nd Fleet with some four attack carriers; carrier based aircraft share the nuclear strike role with missile-firing submarines.
(III) ALLIED COMMAND CHANNEL (ACCHAN) has its headquarters at Northwood, near London. The commander (CINCCHAN) is a British admiral. The wartime role of Channel Command is to exercise control of the English Channel and the southern North Sea. Many of the smaller warships of Belgium, Britain and the Netherlands are earmarked for this Command, as are some maritime aircraft. There are arrangements for co-operation with French naval forces. A Standing Naval Force, Channel (STANAVFORCHAN) was formed on 2 May 1973, to consist of mine counter-measures ships from Belgium, the Netherlands and Britain; other interested nations might participate on a temporary basis. Its operational command is vested in CINCCHAN.
Policy Political guide-lines agreed between NATO members in 1967 include the concept of political warning time in a crisis and the possibility of distinguishing between an enemy's military capabilities and his political intentions. The strategic doctrine defined by the DPC in December 1967 envisaged attacks on NATO territory being met with appropriate force levels, including nuclear weapons.
СЕВЕРОАТЛАНТИЧЕСКИЙ ДОГОВОР
Договор Североатлантический Договор был подписан в 1949 году Бельгией, Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Францией, Исландией, Италией, Люксембургом, Нидерландами, Норвегией, Португалией и Соединенными Штатами; Греция и Турция присоединились в 1952 году, а Западная Германия - в 1955 году. Договорившиеся страны Западной Европы и Северной Америки взяли на себя обязательство консультироваться друг с другом, если один из участников находится под угрозой, и рассматривать вооруженное нападение на одного как нападение на всех, должны быть выполнены такие действия, как каждый из них сочтет необходимым, включая применение вооруженной силы с целью восстановления и последующего сохранения безопасности Североатлантического региона'.
Парижские соглашения 1954 года добавили к Договору протокол, направленный на укрепление структуры NATO , и пересмотрели Брюссельский договор 1948 года, который теперь включает Италию и Западную Германию в дополнение к его первоначальным членам (страны Бенилюкса, Великобритания и Франция). В Брюсселе участники Договора обязались предоставить друг к другу всю военную и другую помощь и содействие какая в их силах, если произойдет вооруженная агрессия в Европе. С 1969 года члены Атлантического Альянса могут выйти из него по прошествии одного года; Брюссельский договор был подписан на 50 лет.
Организация Организация Североатлантического договора - NATO. Руководящий орган Североатлантического союза - Североатлантический совет, штаб-квартира которого находится в Брюсселе, состоит из министров пятнадцати стран-членов, которые обычно встречаются два раза в год, и послов, представляющих каждое правительство, которые находятся на постоянной сессии.
В 1966 году Франция вышла из объединенной военной организации, и был образован 14-Национальный комитет оборонного планирования (DPC), в котором Франция не участвует. Он заседает на тех же уровнях, что и Совет, и занимается вопросами, связанными с комплексным военным планированием NATO и другими вопросами, в которых Франция не участвует. Генеральный секретарь и международный персонал консультируют по военно-политическим, финансовым, экономическим и научным аспектам оборонного планирования.
В 1966 году были созданы два постоянных органа по ядерному планированию. Во-первых, Комитет по вопросам ядерной обороны (NDAC) открыт для всех членов NATO (Исландия, Люксембург и Франция не принимают в нем участия); он обычно собирается на уровне министров обороны один или два раза в год, чтобы привлечь неядерных членов к участию в ядерных делах Североатлантического союза. Генеральный секретарь является председателем NDAC.
Во-вторых, группа ядерного планирования (NGP), созданная на основе NDAC и подчиняющаяся ему, состоит из семи или восьми членов и призвана более подробно рассмотреть поднятые там темы. На практике в его состав входят Великобритания, Германия, Италия и Соединенные Штаты, а также три или четыре другие страны-члена, работающие поочередно, каждая сроком на 18 месяцев. 1 июля 1974 года таких членов было четыре: Греция, Канада, Нидерланды и Норвегия. Генеральный секретарь также председательствует в NGP.
Еврогруппа, которая была создана западноевропейскими государствами-членами Североатлантического союза (за исключением Франции, Португалии и Исландии) в 1968 году, является неофициальным консультативным органом, действующим для координации и улучшения военного вклада западноевропейских стран в Североатлантический союз. Его деятельность включает европейскую программу совершенствования обороны (1970 год) и принципы сотрудничества в области вооружений (1972 год).
Военные советники Совета являются военным комитетом, который осуществляет политическое руководство военным командованиям NATO. Военный комитет состоит из начальников штабов всех государств-членов, за исключением Франции, которая имеет персонал связи, и Исландии, которая не представлена; на постоянной сессии начальники штабов представлены военными представителями, которые находятся в Брюсселе вместе с Советом. Военный комитет имеет независимого председателя и обслуживается объединенным международным военным персоналом. Главные командующие NATO несут ответственность перед Военным комитетом, хотя они также имеют прямой доступ к Совету и главам правительств.
Главным военным командованием NATO командования ОВС NATO в Европе (ACE), командование NATO на Атлантике (ACLANT) и союзное командование Канала (ACCHAN).
Европейское и Атлантическое командования NATO участвуют в совместной системе стратегического планирования в Омахе, штат Небраска, но нет командования Североатлантического союза, специально охватывающего стратегические ядерные силы. Что касается подводных лодок с баллистическими ракетами, то Соединенные Штаты обязались предоставить небольшое число (а Великобритания - все свои) для контроля над планированием SACEUR, а большее - SACLANT.
Верховный главнокомандующий ОВС NATO в Европе (ВГК ОВС NATO в Европе) и Верховный главнокомандующий ОВС NATO на Атлантике (ВГК ОВС NATO на Атлантике) всегда были американские офицеры, и командующий Канал (CINCCHAN) и заместитель верховного главнокомандующего и заместителя ВГК ОВС NATO на Атлантике английские, ВГК ОВС NATO в Европе также главнокомандующий силами Соединенных Штатов в Европе.
(I) Союзное Командование NATO в Европе (ACE) имеет свою штаб-квартиру, известную под названием SHAPE (Верховный штаб союзных держав в Европе), в Касто, недалеко от Монса, в Бельгии. Оно отвечает за защиту всей территории NATO в Европе, кроме Англии, Франции, Исландии и Португалии, и Турции. Он также несет общую ответственность за противовоздушную оборону Великобритании.
Европейское командование имеет около 7000 тактических ядерных боеголовок в своем районе. Количество средств доставки (самолетов, ракет и гаубиц) составляет более 2000, распределенных между всеми странами, за исключением Люксембурга. Однако сами ядерные заряды содержатся под американским контролем, за исключением некоторых видов британского оружия. (Кроме того, во Франции имеется французское ядерное оружие. Тактические ядерные бомбы и ракетные боеголовки на принципе деления. Существует очень широкий спектр в килотонном спектре, но средняя мощность бомб, накопленных в Европе для использования тактической авиацией NATO составляет около 100 килотонн, а ракетных боеголовок, 20 килотонн.
Около 63 эквивалентных дивизий доступны для SACEUR в мирное время. Командование располагает 2800 тактическими самолетами, базирующимися примерно на 150 стандартных аэродромах NATO и обеспеченными системой совместно финансируемых складов, топливопроводов и связи. Большая часть сухопутных и военно-воздушных сил, дислоцированных в командовании, закреплена за SACEUR, в то время как военно-морские силы обычно выделяются.
2-й французский корпус из двух дивизий (который не интегрирован в силы NATO ) дислоцируется в Германии в соответствии с соглашением о статусе, достигнутым между правительствами Франции и Германии. Между соответствующими командующими было согласовано сотрудничество с силами и командованиями NATO . В подчинении командования ОВС NATO в Европе находятся:
(a) Командование Союзными Силами в Центральной Европе (AFCENT) управляет как сухопутными, так и военно-воздушными силами в центральноевропейском секторе. Штаб-квартира находится в Брунссуме в Нидерландах, а его командующий (CINCENT) - немецкий генерал.
Силы Центральноевропейского командования включают 23 дивизии, назначенные Бельгией, Великобританией, Канадой, Западной Германией, Нидерландами и Соединенными Штатами, и около 1600 тактических самолетов.
Командование подразделяется на Северную группу армий (NORTHAG) и Центральную группу армий (CENTAG). NORTHAG, ответственна за оборону сектора к северу от оси Геттинген-Льеж, включает в себя бельгийские, британские и голландские дивизии и четыре немецкие дивизии и поддерживается 2-ми Союзными силами тактической авиации (ATAF), в составе бельгийских, британских, голландских и немецких подразделений. Американские войска, семь немецких дивизий и канадская боевая группа находятся под CENTAG, при поддержке 4-го ATAF, который включает в себя американские, немецкие и канадские подразделения и командование ПВО американской армии. (В соответствии с недавно согласованной реорганизацией оперативные военно-воздушные силы в Центральной Европе вскоре будут переданы под Центральное командование.)
(b) Командование союзными Силами Северной Европы (AFNORTH) имеют штаб-квартиру в Кольсаасе, Норвегия, и отвечают за оборону Дании, Норвегии, Шлезвиг-Гольштейнского и Балтийского проходов. Командующий (CINCNORTH) всегда был британским генералом. Большая часть сухопутных, морских и тактических военно-воздушных сил Дании и Норвегии предназначена для него, и большая часть их активных резервов закреплена за ним. Германия назначила одну дивизию, два боевых воздушных крыла и свой Балтийский флот. Помимо учений и некоторых небольших подразделений Военно-морские силы Соединенных Штатов обычно не действуют в этом районе.
(c) Командование союзными Силами в Южной Европе (AFSOUTH) имеют штаб-квартиру в Неаполе, а их командующий (CINCSOUTH) всегда был американским адмиралом. Он отвечает за оборону Италии, Греции и Турции, а также за охрану коммуникаций в Средиземном море и турецких территориальных водах Черного моря. В состав соединений входят 19 дивизий из Турции, 8 из Греции и 11 из Италии, а также тактические военно-воздушные силы этих стран. Другие формирования из этих трех стран были предназначены для AFSOUTH, а также 6-й флот Соединенных Штатов и военно-морские силы из Греции, Италии, Турции и Великобритании. Система наземной обороны базируется на двух отдельных командованиях: Южном, включающем Италию и подходы к ней, под командованием итальянского командира, и Юго-Восточном, включающем Грецию и Турцию, под командованием американского командира. Существует, однако, общее воздушное командование, и есть одно военно-морское командование (NAVSOUTH), ответственное за AFSOUTH, со штабом в Неаполе.
Специальное подразделение воздушного наблюдения, военно-морские силы Средиземноморья (MARAIRMED), в настоящее время использует итальянские, британские и американские патрульные самолеты с баз в Греции, Турции, Сицилии и Италии; в этих операциях участвуют французские самолеты. Его командир, американский контр-адмирал, отвечает перед CINCSOUTH.
Союзные военно-морские силы по вызову для Средиземноморья (NAVOCFORMED) состояли по крайней мере из трех эсминцев, предоставленных Италией, Великобританией и Соединенными Штатами, и трех меньших кораблей, предоставленных другими средиземноморскими странами, в зависимости от района операции.
(d) Район противовоздушной обороны Соединенного Королевства имеет штаб-квартиру в хай-Вайкомбе, Англия.
(e) Мобильные силы АCE (AMF) со штаб-квартирой в Секенхайме, Германия, были сформированы с уделением особого внимания северным и юго-восточным флангам. Набранные в семи странах, они состоят из семи групп пехотных батальонов, бронеразведывательного эскадрона, пяти артиллерийских батарей, вертолетного отряда и эскадрильи истребителей наземного обеспечения, но не имеет собственного воздушного транспорта.
(II) Союзное Командование на Атлантике (ACLANT) имеет штаб-квартиру в Норфолке, штат Виржиния, и отвечает за Североатлантический район от Северного полюса до Тропика Рака, включая прибрежные воды Португалии. Командующий - американский адмирал.
В случае войны в его обязанности входит участие в стратегическом ударе и защита морских коммуникаций. Нет никаких сил, назначенных командованию в мирное время, кроме постоянных Военно-Морских Сил Атлантики (STANAVFORLANT), которые обычно состоят из четырех кораблей типа эсминца. Однако для целей подготовки и в случае войны силы, которые в основном являются военно-морскими, предназначены для назначения Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Нидерландами, Португалией и Соединенными Штатами. Есть договоренности о сотрудничестве между французскими военно-морскими силами и ВГК ОВС NATO на Атлантике. Есть шесть подчиняется командований; Западной Атлантики, Восточной Атлантики, Иберийской Атлантики, ударные силы Атлантического флота, командования подводными силами и STANAVFORLANT. Ядро ударного флота Атлантики было обеспечено 2-ым флотом Соединенных Штатов с 4 ударными авианосцами; авианосцы играют роль ядерного удара наряду с ракетными подводными лодками.
(III) Союзное Командование Канала (ACCHAN) с штаб-квартирой в Нортвуде, недалеко от Лондона. Командующий (CINCCHAN) - британский адмирал. Роль командования канала в военное время заключается в осуществлении контроля над проливом Ла-Манш и южной частью Северного моря. Многие из небольших военных кораблей Бельгии, Великобритании и Нидерландов, а также некоторые морские самолеты предназначены для этого командования. Есть договоренности о сотрудничестве с французскими военно-морскими силами. Постоянные военно-морские силы, канал (STANAVFORCHAN) были сформирован 2 мая 1973 года, состоят из противоминных судов из Бельгии, Нидерландов и Великобритании; другие заинтересованные страны могут участвовать на временной основе. Оперативное командование ими возложено на CINCCHAN.
Политика Политические ориентиры, согласованные между членами NATO в 1967 включают понятие политического предупреждения в условиях кризиса и разделение военного потенциала противника и его политических намерений. Стратегическая доктрина, определенная DPC в декабре 1967 года, предусматривала нападения на территорию NATO с соответствующим уровнем вооруженных сил, включая ядерное оружие.
BELGIUM
Population: 9,800,000.
Military service: 12 months.* (* Conscripts serve 12 months if posted to Germany.
A reduction to 10 months for those serving in Germany will take place from the end of 1974.)
Total armed forces: 89,700.
Estimated GNP 1973: $49.9 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 41,104 million francs ($1,079 million). $1=38.1 francs (1974), 35.99 francs (1973). Army: 65,400 (including Medical Service).
1 armoured brigade.
3 mechanized brigades.
3 reconnaissance battalions.
3 motorized infantry battalions.
1 para-commando regiment.
3 artillery battalions.
3 engineer battalions.
2 SSM battalions with 8 Honest John.
2 SAM battalions with 24 HAWK.
4 air sqns with 75 Alouette II hel and 11 Do-27.
334 Leopard and 112 M-47 med tks; 125 Scorpion and 14 M-41 lt tks;
1,000 M-75 and AMX APC;
90 M-108 105mm, 26 M-44 and 40 M-109 155mm and 12 203mm, 10 M-110 203mm SP how; AA guns;
10 Honest John SSM (being replaced by Lance)
36 HAWK SAM
(some 500 lt AFV incl 111 Scimitar SP ATk/AA guns, 84 JPZ 4-5 SP ATk guns and 55 Gepard sp AA guns on order).
DEPLOYMENT: Germany: 2 div HQ, 1 armd bde and 3 mech inf bdes.
RESERVES: 8,000 trained: 1 mech bde and 1 mot inf bde. Navy: 4,200.
7 ocean minesweepers/minehunters.
9 coastal minesweepers/minehunters.
14 inshore minesweepers.
2 support ships (each with 1 lt hel).
2 HSS-1 and 3 Alouette III helicopters.
(4 ASW escorts on order.)
RESERVES: 7,600. Air Force: 20,100; 185 combat aircraft. (A combat squadron normally has 18-21 aircraft.)
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
3 fighter-bomber squadrons with Mirage VBA.
2 AWX squadrons with F-104G.
1 reconnaissance squadron with Mirage VBR,
2 tpt sqns with 12 C-130H, 2 DC-3, 12 Pembroke, 2 Falcon 20 and 4 DC-6A/C.
1 SAR sqn with 5 HSS-1 and 6 S-58 hel.
8 SAM squadrons with 16 Nike-Hercules.
(5 Sea King and 3 HS-748 on order.) Para-Military Forces: 15,000 Gendarmerie.
BRITAIN
Population: 56,230,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 354,600 (incl 14,300 women and 9,300 enlisted outside Britain).
Estimated GNP 1973: $177.1 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: £3,654 million ($8,721 million). $1=£0.419 (1974), £0.388 (1973). Strategic Forces:
SLBM: 4 SSBN each with 16 Polaris A-3 missiles.
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) station at Fylingdales. Army: 178,300 (incl 5,700 women and 7,900 enlisted outside Britain).
13 armoured regiments.
5 armoured reconnaissance regiments.
47 infantry battalions.
3 parachute battalions.
5 Gurkha battalions.
1 special air service (SAS) regiment.
2 regts with Honest John SSM and 203mm sp how.
23 other artillery regiments.
1 SAM regiment with 12 Thunderbird.
14 engineer regiments.
(59 of the above units are organized in 5 armd, 10 mech or inf, 1 para and 1 Gurkha bdes.)
900 Chieftain med, 180 FV-101 Scorpion lt tks;
Saladin armd cars; Ferret, Shorland scout cars; FV-432, Saracen APC;
105mm Abbot and M-107 175mm SP guns; M-109 155mm SP how; 12 M-110 203mm SP how;
Model 56 105mm pack how; 105mm lt field gun;
Honest John SSM (Lance on order);
Carl Gustav RCL; Vigilant and Swingfire ATGW;
L-40/70 AA guns; Blowpipe and Thunderbird SAM (Fox scout cars, Blowpipe, Rapier SAM on order);
2 SRN-6, 2 CC-7 hovercraft.
2 Army Aviation wings of 17 sqns and 8 indep flights with
20 Beaver lt ac; 120 Scout, 10 Alouette AH-2, 175 Sioux hel (Lynx and Gazelle on order).
DEPLOYMENT: United Kingdom: United Kingdom Land Forces:
1 div HQ, 4 bdes and 1 para bde, 1 bn group, 1 SAS regt, 1 Gurkha inf bn.
HQ Northern Ireland with 3 bde HQ, 1 armd recce regt, 17 units in inf role, 2 military police regts, 3 field engr sqns and 4 army aviation sqns. Germany*: British Army of the Rhine (BAOR), of 55,500, includes
1 corps HQ, 3 div HQ, 5 armd bdes, 1 mech bde, 2 arty bdes (incl Thunderbird SAM regt) and 2 armd recce regts.
In Berlin there is one 3,000-strong inf bde.
(* Some units from BAOR are serving on short tours in Northern Ireland, being away from Germany for up to six months.
Numbers involved average 4,000.) Singapore: 1 inf bn group. Brunei: 1 Gurkha bn. Hong Kong: 9,300; 1 armd recce sqn with lt tks; 2 bdes with 2 British and 3 Gurkha inf bns; 1arty regt. Cyprus: 1 inf bn and 1 armd recce, sqn with UN force (UNFICYP); 1 inf bn and 1 armd recce sqn in garrison at Sovereign Base Areas (being increased). Gibraltar: 1 inf bn. Belize: 1 bn HQ and 1 coy.
RESERVES: 300,000 Regular reserves, 55,300 Territorial Army and Volunteer Reserve; 7,700 Ulster Defence Regiment (11 bns). Navy: 78,100 (including Fleet Air Arm, Royal Marines, 3,600 women and 800 enlisted outside Britain); 74 major surface combat vessels. Submarines, attack: 8 nuclear, 22 diesel. Surface ships:
1 aircraft carrier.
2 commando carriers (1 with Seacat SAM).
2 assault ships with Seacat SAM.
2 cruisers with 4 Sea King hel, Seacat SAM.
9 destroyers (8 with Seaslug I and Seacat II SAM,
1 with Sea Dart SAM and Ikara ASW msls) each with 1 ASW hel.
58 frigates:
35 GP each with 1 hel (32 with Seacat and 2 with Ikara; 8 will get Exocet SSM);
16 ASW (9 with Seacat and 1 hel); 3 AA and 4 aircraft direction (with Seacat).
39 coastal minesweepers/minehunters.
6 inshore minesweepers.
5 coastal patrol vessels.
6 patrol/seaward defence boats.
2 hovercraft (SRN-6, BH-N7).
(Included in the above are the following ships in reserve or undergoing refit or conversion:
1 nuclear and 5 diesel submarines, 1 cdo carrier, 1 destroyer, 10 frigates, 3 minesweepers.
Under construction are 2 SSN, 4 destroyers, 7 frigates and 4 patrol craft.)
THE FLEET AIR ARM: 30 combat aircraft.
1 strike sqn with 14 Buccaneer S2 (Martel ASM).
1 air defence squadron with 12 Phantom FG1.
1 AEW squadron with 4 Gannet.
9 ASW hel sqns: 5 with Sea King, 1 with Wasp, 2 with Wessex\Wasp and Sea King.
1 SAR sqn and 3 flights of Whirlwind, 1 flight of Wessex hel.
5 utility hel sqns with Wessex.
(Gazelle and Lynx he! on order.)
THE ROYAL MARINES: 8,000.
1 commando bde with 3 commandos; SRN-6 Mk 5 hovercraft.
DEPLOYMENT: Malta: 1 commando. Falkland Islands: 1 detachment.
Gibraltar: 1 detachment.
RESERVES (naval and Marines): 27,500 regular and 7,000 volunteers; 11 coastal minesweepers. Air Force: 98,200 (incl 5,000 women and 600 enlisted outside Britain); about 500 combat aircraft. (Combat squadrons have 6-18 aircraft.)
6 strike squadrons with 50 Vulcan B2.
4 strike squadrons with Buccaneer.
2 FGA squadrons with Hunter.
6 strike/attack/recce sqns with Phantom F-4M.
4 close support squadrons with 48 Harrier.
2 lt close support squadrons with Jaguar.
8 interceptor squadrons with Lightning.
1 interceptor squadron with Phantom F-4K.
1 recce squadron with VulcanSR2.
1 recce squadron with 15 Victor SR2.
2 recce squadrons with Canberra PR9.
1 AEW squadron with Shackleton.
6 maritime patrol squadrons with Nimrod.
3 tanker squadrons with 24 Victor K1A.
5 strategic transport squadrons with 14 VC-10, 10 Belfast, 15 Britannia and 8 Comet C4.
7 tactical tpt sqns, 6 with C-130 Hercules, 1 with Andover.
5 lt comms sqns with HS-125, Andover, Basset, Devon, Pembroke; Sycamore and Whirlwind hel.
9 hel sqns with 60 Wessex, 30 Whirlwind and 26 SA-330 Puma.
2 Bloodhound SAM sqns.
(Jaguar,HS-1182, Bulldog and Puma on order.)
There are 11 ground defence and air defence squadrons of the Royal Air Force Regiment,
1 with Tigercat, 2, with Rapier SAM (more on order) and 5 with L40/70 AA guns.
DEPLOYMENT: The Royal Air Force includes an operational home command (Strike Command), the UK Air Defence Region Command,
and 2 overseas commands - RAF Germany (8,600), and Near East Air Force. Squadrons are deployed overseas as follows: Germany: 4 F-4; 2 Buccaneer; 2 Lightning; 3 Harrier; 1 Wessex; 2 sqns RAF Regt. Gibraltar: Hunter detachment. Near East: (a) Cyprus: 2 Vulcan; 1 Lightning; 1 Hercules; 1 Whirlwind; 2 sqns RAF Regt; 1 sqn with Bloodhound,
(b) Malta: 1 Nimrod; 1 Canberra. Singapore: detachments Nimrod and Wessex hel. Hong Kong: hel and RAF Regt detachments. Belize: RAF Regt detachment.
RESERVES: 31,800 regular; about 200 volunteer.
CANADA
Population: 22,560,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 83,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 118.1 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: $Can 2,361 million ($US 2,429 million). $US 1= $Can. 0.972 (1974), $Can. 0.995 (1973).
(* The Canadian Armed Forces have been unified since February 1968. The strengths shown here for Army, Navy and Air Force are only approximate.) Army (Land)*: 33,000.
CANADA: Mobile Command (about 18,000).
1 airborne regiment. '
3 combat groups each comprising:
3 infantry battalions.
1 reconnaissance regiment. .
1 reduced light artillery regiment (of 2 batteries).
Support units.
330 Centurion med tks; 820 M-113 APC; 120Ferret armd cars;
60 105mm pack how, 50 105mm how, 50 M-109 SP how;
138 106mm and 800 Carl Gustav RCL; SS-11 ATGW; CL-89 drone.
(TOW ATGW and 100 Blowpipe SAM on order.)
One group is intended for operations in Europe, part of it (an air transportable bn gp)for use with the AMF.
The other groups contribute to North American ground defence and UN commitments.
EUROPE: One mech battle group of 2,800 men, with 32 Centurion med tks, 375 M-113 APC recce,
18 M-109 155mm sp how and Kiowa hel.
CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 482 men (being increased).
EGYPT (UNEF): 884 men.
SYRIA (UNDOF): 172 men.
RESERVES: about 14,400. Navy (Maritime)*: 14,000.
4 submarines (3 ex-British Oberon-class).
4 ASW hel destroyers with 2 CHSS-2 and 2 Sea Sparrow.
13 ASW frigates, 2 with 1 hel, 4 with ASROC.
7 ASW destroyer escorts with 1 hel.
3 support ships with Sea Sparrow SA Mand 2 CHSS-2 hel.
The Maritime Air Element consists of:
4 maritime patrol sqns with 33 CL-28 Argus.
1 maritime patrol sqn with CS-2F-3 Tracker.
1 ASW sqn with CHSS-2 Sea King hel.
4 utility sqns with Tracker, T-33, Dakota and Twin Huey.
RESERVES: about 2,600. Air Force (Air)*: 36,000; 162 combat aircraft.
CANADA:
Mobile Command:
2 CF-5 tactical fighter sqns (for use with AMF).
6 hel sqns with CUH-1N, CH-113A, COH-58A.
Air Defence Command (Canadian component of NORAD): 8,600.
3 interceptor squadrons with F-101B/C.
4 main, 18 auxiliary sites of Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line.
28 long range radar sites (Pine Tree Line).
1 SAGE control centre.
1 CF-100 electronic warfare trg sqn (phasing out).
Air Transport Command: 6,430.
1 sqn with 5 Boeing 707-320C transport/tankers.
2 sqns with 23 C-130E Hercules.
4 tpt/SAR sqns with 15 CC-115 Buffalo, 8 CC-138 Twin Otter and 9 CH-113 Labrador hel.
1 lt tpt sqn with 7 CC-109 Cosmopolitan, and 7 Falcon.
(5 C-130H and 8 CH-47C on order.)
EUROPE: 2,300; 3 attack sqns with CF-104D.
RESERVES: about 700,30 Otter lt tpt.
DENMARK
Population: 5,060,000.
Military service: voluntary; 9 months conscription for Supplementary Force.
Total armed forces: 37,100.
Estimated GNP 1973: $30.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 3,300 million kroner ($551 million). $1=5.99 kr (1974), 5.63 kr (1973). Army: 21,500.
5 mech inf bdes, each of 1 tk bn, 1 mech bn, 1 arty bn, 1 recce sqn and support units.
1 infantry battalion group.
200 Centurion med tks; M-41 lt tks; 670 M-113 APC;
105mm how; 72 M-109 155mm sp how; 203mm how. Honest John SSM, (* Dual-capable, but there are no nuclear warheads on Danish soil.)
12 Hughes 500M (OH-6A) hel.
(120 Leopard med tks, TOW ATGW on order.)
DEPLOYMENT: Cyprus (UNFICYP): 250 men.
RESERVES: Supplementary Force: 4,500, subject to immediate recall;
Field Army Reserve: 41,000;
Regional Defence Force: 24,000, 21 inf bns, 7 arty bns, ATk sqns, support units;
Home Guard: 50,000. Navy: 6,000.
6 coastal submarines (2 German U-4 class).
2 destroyers.
4 fishery protection vessels.
4 coastal escorts (corvettes).
9 seaward defence craft.
12 FPB (8 with SSM on order).
7 coastal minelayers.
12 minesweepers (4 inshore).
13 patrol craft (7 less than 100 tons).
8 Alouette III helicopters.
RESERVES: 4,000. Home Guard: 4,300, with small patrol boats. Air Force: 9,600; 123 combat aircraft.
1 fighter-bomber sqn with 20 F-35XD Draken.
2 fighter-bomber sqns with 40 F-100D/F.
2 interceptor squadrons with 25 F-104G and 15 CF-104G.
1 recce squadron with 23 RF-35XD Draken.
1 tpt squadron with 8 C-47 and 2 C-54.
1 SAR squadron with 8 S-61 hel.
4 SAM squadrons with Nike-Hercules.
4 SAM squadrons with HAWK.
(6 F-100F, 5 TF-35 Draken and 3 C-130H tpts on order.)
RESERVES: 7,000. Home Guard: 11,500.
FRANCE
Population: 52,000,000.
Military service: 12 months.
Total armed forces: 502,500 (conscripts 271,300).
Estimated GNP 1973: $277.4 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 38,221 million francs ($7,913 million). $1=4.83 francs (1974), 4.10 francs (1973). Strategic Forces: SLBM: 3 SSBN each with 16 MSBS M-l msls (a fourth to become operational in 1976).*
(2 more SSBN under construction; the building of a sixth is being studied.) IRBM: 2 squadrons, each with 9 SSBS S-2 msls. Aircraft:
9 squadrons with 36 Mirage IVA bombers.
3 squadrons with 11 KC-135F tankers.
18 Mirage IVA bombers in reserve. Army: 331,500 (including 216,000 conscripts and Army Aviation).
5 mechanized divisions.
1 airborne division (2 brigades).
1 airportable motorized brigade.
2 alpine brigades.
9 armoured car regiments.
2 motorized infantry regiments.
1 parachute battalion.
21 infantry battalions.
1 SSM regt with 6 Pluton.
2 SSM battalions with 8 Honest John* (* The nuclear warheads held under double-key arrangements with the United States were withdrawn in 1966.)
3 SAM regiments with 54 HAWK launchers.
910 AMX-30 med tks; 1,120 AMX-13 lt tks;
some 850 lt AFV, incl 620 Panhard EBR hy and AML lt armd cars; 150 AMX-10 APC;
AMX SP 105mm guns and 155mm how; Model 56 105mm pack how; 120mm mor;
30mm twin SP AA guns; STRIM, Milan, SS-11/12 HOT, Harpon ATGW;
Pluton, Honest John SSM;
Roland and HAWK SAM.
ARMY AVIATION (ALAT): 3,700.
2 Groups, six divisions and 7 regional Commands.
70 Bell, 175 Alouette II, 60 Alouette III and 105 SA-330 Puma, 45 SA-341 Gazelle hel.
150 light fixed-wing aircraft.
DEPLOYMENT (incl Navy and Air Force). Strategic Reserve (Force d'Intervention): 2 airborne and 1 airportable motorized brigades. Manoeuvre Forces(Force de Manoeuvre):
1st Army: 2 mech divs and 2 SSM bns in Germany, 58,000; 3 mech divs in support in France; about 2,000 men in Berlin. Territory of the Afars and Issas: 2,000 inf, 3 frigates. Reunionj Diego Suarez: 4,000; 1 inf bn, 1 destroyer, 3 minesweepers, landing craft. Elsewhere in Africa: about 4,000. Pacific Territories: 2 battalions. Caribbean: 1 battalion.
The remaining troops are stationed in France for territorial defence (Defense Operationelle clu Territoire - DOT).
Their strength is about 52,000, including two alpine bdes, 21 inf bns, 3 armd cav regts and one arty regt.
Mobilization would bring the force up to a total of 80 bns.
RESERVES: about 400,000. Navy: 69,000 (16,500 conscripts) (including Naval Air Force); 49 major surface combat vessels.
19 attack submarines (diesel).
2 aircraft carriers (each with 40 ac).
2 cruisers (1 with Exocet SSM and Masurca SAM; 1 with 8 hy ASW hel).
20 destroyers (3 with Masurca SAM and Malafon ASW; 4 with Tartar SAM; 8 ASW with Malafon; 4 aircraft direction; 1 command).
25 frigates.
8 fleet minesweepers.
38 coastal minesweepers/minehunters.
15 patrol craft (1 with SS-11 SSM).
7 landing ships and 14 landing craft.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 13,000; 181 combat aircraft.
2 fighter-bomber sqns with 36 Etendard IVM.
2 interceptor sqns with 36 F-8E(FN) Crusader.
2 ASWsqns with 36 Alize.
5 MR sqns with 38 Atlantic and 23 P-2.
1 reconnaissance sqn with 12 Etendard IV-P.
2 ASW hel sqns with 19 Super Frelon and 12 HSS-1.
3 hel sqns with 17 Alouette II, 25 Alouette III.
RESERVES: about 50,000. Air Force: 102,000 (38,800 conscripts); 431 combat aircraft. Air Defence Command(CAFDA): 9,000.
3 interceptor sqns with 45 Mirage IIIC.
2 interceptor sqns with 30 Mirage F1 (a third forming).
3 interceptor sqns with 45 Super Mystere B-2.
(Automatic STRIDA II air defence system.) Tactical Air Force (FATAC - divided into 1st and 2nd CATAC): 13,500.
8 FB squadrons with 120 Mirage IIIE.
2 FB squadrons with 30 Mirage V.
4 FB squadrons with 56 F-100D.
2 FB squadrons with 30 Jaguar.
2 lt bbr sqns with 30 Vautour (being withdrawn).
3 recce sqns with 45 Mirage IIIR/RD. Air Transport Command (COTAM): 7,400.
8 tactical tpt sqns; 3 with 50 Transall C-160F and 4 with 120 Nord 2501 Noratlas.
2 heavy tpt sqns with 4 DC-6B, 3 DC-8.
1 tpt sqn with 5 DC-6 and 2 Br 763.
4 hel tpt sqns with 93 H-34 and Alouette II/III. Para-Military Forces: 70,000 Gendarmerie.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
Population: 62,100,000 (including West Berlin).
Military service: 15 months.
Total armed forces: 490,000 (conscripts 240,000).
Estimated GNP 1973: $385.4 billion.
Defence budget 1974: DM 27,555 million ($10,764 million). $1=DM 2.56 (1974), DM 2.40(1973). Army: 340,000 (conscripts 190,000).
13 armoured brigades.
12 armoured infantry brigades.
3 motorized infantry brigades.
2 mountain brigades.
3 airborne brigades.
These are organized in 3 corps and 12 divisions.
2 tank regiments (each with 2 battalions).
11 SSM battalions with Honest John.
4 SSM battalions with Sergeant.
Territorial Army: peacetime strength 35,000 (5,000 conscripts); mobilization strength 218,700.
8 geographical commands, with Home Defence Brigades of 2 active mot inf bns, 1 armd inf coy and 1 mor coy.
A further 2 inf bns, 2 coys and supporting units are at cadre strength.
The Territorial Army provides defensive units, communications, engineer, police and service support units on mobilization.
1,360 M-48A2 Patton and 2,200 Leopard med tks;
758 HS-30 and 1,567 Marder, 2,374 Hotchkiss and 3,330 M-113APC;
770 tank destroyers with 90mm gun and 316 with SS-11 ATGW;
277 105mm, 72 155mm how; 587 155mm, 77 203mm SP how; 148 175mm SP guns; 209 multiple RL;
640 20mm, 300 40mm, 496 40mm SP AA guns;
1,000 Redeye SAM; Cobra, Milan, TCW ATGW;
71 Honest John, 19 Sergeant SSM;
85 CH-53G, 194 UH-1D and 234 Alouette II hel; 18 Do-27 ltac.
RESERVES: 518,000. Navy: 39,000 (including 11,000 conscripts and Naval Air Arm).
13 coastal submarines (11 more on order for 1974).
11 destroyers (3 with Tartar SAM).
6 fast frigates.
5 ASW corvettes.
11 fast combat support ships.
57 minesweepers (16 coastal, 21 fast, 2 minehunter, 18 inshore).
40 FPB (14 will have Exocet SSM by end-1974).
22 landing craft.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 6,000; 148 combat aircraft.
4 FB/recce sqns with 128 F-104G and RF-104G.
2 MR sqns with 20 Br-1150 Atlantic.
1 SAR hel sqn with 21 Sea King Mk41 and 7 H-34G.
1 utility sqn with 20 Do-28.
RESERVES: 27,000. Air Force: 111,000 (conscripts 39,000); 468 combat aircraft.
6 FGA sqns with 108 F-104G.
4 FGA/fighter sqns with 72 F-104G.
8 FGA/recce sqns with 168 G-91R3.
4 interceptor sqns with 60 F-4F (converting).
4 recce sqns with 60 RF-4E.
4 tpt sqns with 56 Transall C-160.
4 hel sqns with 80 UH-1D.
8 SSM sqns with 72 Pershing.
24 SAM batteries with 216 Nike-Hercules.
36 SAM batteries with 216 HAWK.
RESERVES: 85,000. Para-Military Forces: 20,000 Border Police.
GREECE
Population: 8,970,000.
Military service: 24 months.
Total armed forces: 161,200 (112,000 conscripts).*
(* The Greek armed forces were increased by mobilization of reservists during the Cyprus crisis in July 1974.)
Estimated GNP 1973: $16.4 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 18,000 million drachmas ($602 million). $1=29.9 drachmas (1974), 29.9 drachmas (1973). Army: 121,000 (85,000 conscripts).
1 armoured division.
11 infantry divisions (8 at cadre strength).
13 indep inf brigades (10 at cadre strength).
1 para-commando brigade.
2 SSM battalions with 8 Honest John.
1 SAM battalion with 12 HAWK.
300 M-47, 500 M-48 and 60 AMX-30 med tks (130 more AMX-30 on order); M-24, M-26 and M-41 lt tks;
M-8 and M-20 armd cars; M-2, M-3, M-59 and M-113 APC;
175mm SP guns; 25-pdr, 105mm, 155mm and 203mm how;
40mm, 75mm and 90mm AA guns;
Honest John SSM; HAWK SAM; Bell 47G hel.
DEPLOYMENT: Cyprus, 1 bn, 950 men.
RESERVES: about 230,000. Navy: 17,500 (11,000 conscripts).
7 submarines.
9 destroyers.
4 destroyer escorts.
4 FPB with Exocet SSM (4 on order).
3 coastal patrol vessels.
12 fast torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
5 MGB.
2 coastal minelayers.
14 minesweepers.
14 landing ships (8 LST, 5 med, 1 dock).
8 landing craft.
RESERVES: about 20,000. Air Force: 22,700 (16,000 conscripts); 220 combat aircraft.
5 fighter-bomber sqns with 18 F-4E and 62 F-84F.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with 40 F-104G.
3 interceptor squadrons with 40 F-5A.
1 interceptor squadron with 16 F-102A.
2 recce squadrons with 18 RF-84F, 14 RF-5A.
1 MR squadron of 12 HU-16B.
3 tpt sqns of 35 C-47 and 44 Noratlas.
2 hel sqns with 14 UH-1H, 4 Bell 47G, 4 H-19B.
Trainers include 70 T-33, 22 T-41, 20 T-6, 18 T-37, 10 F-5B.
1 SAM battalion with Nike-Hercules.
(F-4E, 60 A-7D, 40 Mirage F1 and 18 C-130H on order.)
RESERVES: about 25,000. Para-Military Forces: 30,000 Gendarmerie; 69,000 National Guard.
ITALY
Population: 55,110,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force: 15 months; Navy, 24 months.
Total armed forces: 421,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $138.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 2,373 billion lire ($3,673 million). $1=646 lire (1974), 579 lire (1973). Army: 306,500.
2 armd divs, each with 2 armd bdes, 1 mech bde.
5 inf divs each with 2 inf bdes, 1 mech bde.
1 independent armoured cavalry brigade.
4 independent infantry brigades.
5 alpine brigades.
1 airborne brigade.
1 amphibious regiment.
1 SSM brigade with 2 bns of Honest John, 2 bns of 203mm SP how and 1 inf bn.
4 SAM battalions with HAWK.
700 M-47, 300 M-60 and 300 Leopard med tks (500 more Leopard on order);
3,300 M-113, some LVT-4 APC;
155mm guns; M-107 175mm SP guns; Model 56 105mm pack how; 105mm, 155mm how; M-44 155mm, M-109 155mm, M-55 203mm SP how;
M-42 40mm SP AA guns;
Mosquito, Cobra, SS-11 ATGW (130 TOW on order);
8 Honest John (to be replaced by Lance); 68 HAWK. ARMY AVIATION: 21 units with 150 Piper L-18/19/21A, Cessna O-1E, some SM.1019 lt ac (100 SM.1019, 20 AM-3C on order);
over 270 hel incl 120 AB-47G/J, 50 AB-204B, 30 AB-205A, 60 AB-206A/B-1 and 6 CH-47C
(20 more CH-47C, 12 Augusta 101G, 30 more AB-206 on order).
RESERVES: 550,000. Navy: 44,500 (incl air arm and 1,700 marines).
9 submarines.
3 cruisers (2 with Terrier SAM and 4 ASW hel; 1 with 9 AB-204B ASW hel, 1 Terrier/ASROC launcher).
10 destroyers (4 with ASW hel, Standard and Tartar SAM).
10 frigates (6 with ASW hel).
11 corvettes.
4 ocean, 37 coastal and 20 inshore minesweepers.
13 FPB (2 with Seakiller Mk 2 SSM).
1 hydrofoil with Otomat SSM.
2 landing ships.
72 landing craft.
2 marine infantry battalions.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 20 combat aircraft.
2 MR sqns with 20 S-2 Tracker.
5 hel sqns with 24 SH-3D, 32 AB-204B and 12 A-106.
RESERVES: 65,000. Air Force: 70,000; 279 combat aircraft.
6 FB sqns (2 with 36 F-104G, 2 with 30 F-104S and 2 with 36 G-91Y).
2 light attack squadrons with 35 G-91R.
6 AWX squadrons with 90 F-104S.
3 recce squadrons with 38 RF-104G.
2 MR squadrons with 14 Breguet 1150 Atlantic.
3 tpt sqns with 32 C-119 (to be replaced by 32 of 44 G.222 on order) and 14 C-130H Hercules.
2 tpt sqns with Convair 440, DC-6 and 2 DC-9.
1 lt tpt sqn with 15 PD-808 Vespa Jet.
2 SAR sqns with 12 HU-16 ac and 15 AB-204 hel.
Hells incl 60 AB-204B, 90 AB-205, 2 AB-206A, some AB-47G/J.
12 SAM groups with 96 Nike-Hercules.
RESERVES: 30,000. Para-Military Forces:80,000 Carabinieri.
LUXEMBOURG
Population: 354,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 550.
Estimated GNP 1973: $1.8 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 677 million francs ($18 million). $1=38.1 francs (1974), 35.99 francs (1973). Army:550.
1 light infantry battalion.
1 independent company.
106mm RCL and 81mm mortars, (TOW ATGW on order.) Para-Military Forces: 350 Gendarmerie.
NETHERLANDS
Population: 13,500,000.
Military service: Army, 16-18 months; Navy and Air Force, 18-21 months.
Total armed forces: 113,900.
Estimated GNP 1973: $63.7 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 6,149 million guilders ($2,303 million). $1=2.67 guilders (1974), 2.60 guilders (1973). Army: 75,000 (incl 44,500 conscripts, 7,000 reservists).
2 armoured brigades.
4 mechanized infantry brigades.
2 SSM battalions with Honest John.
400 Centurion and 485 Leopard med tks; AMX-13 lt tks;
2,000 AMX-VCI, YP-408 and M-113 APC;
250 M-59 155mm guns; 105mm, 155mm, 203mm how; M-107 175mm SP guns; AMX 105mm, M-109 155mm and M-110 203mm SP how;
120mm mor; M-72 LAW, Carl Gustav and 106mm RCL; L40/70 AA guns:
Honest John SSM.
(60 Gepard SP AA guns and TOW on order.)
DEPLOYMENT:
Germany: 1 mech bde, 1 recce bn.
RESERVES: about 300,000, of which 40,000 are on immediate recall.
1 inf div and corps troops, incl 1 indep inf bde, would be completed by call-up of reservists.
A number of inf bdes could be mobilized, if needed for territorial defence. Navy: 19,000 (incl 2,800 marines, 2,000 naval air arm, 3,600 conscripts).
6 submarines.
1 cruiser with Terrier SAM.
6 frigates with Seacat SAM and 1 lt ASW hel.
10 destroyers.
6 small frigates.
5 patrol vessels.
3 MCM support ships.
24 coastal minesweepers/minehunters.
16 inshore minesweepers.
1 fast combat support ship.
2 amphibious combat groups.
1 mountain/arctic warfare company.
NAVAL AIR ARM: 2,000; 23 combat aircraft.
2 MR sqns with 8 Br-1150 Atlantic and 15 P-2 Neptune.
2 hel sqns with 7 AB-204B and 12 Wasp.
DEPLOYMENT: Netherlands Antilles: 1 destroyer, 1 amphibious combat det, 1 MR det.
RESERVES: about 20,000; 9,000 on immediate recall. Air Force: 19,900 (incl 5,400 conscripts, 2,000 reservists); 162 combat aircraft.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with 36 F-104G.
4 fighter-bomber squadrons with 72 NF-5A/B.
2 interceptor squadrons with 36 F-104G.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 18 RF-104G.
1 transport squadron with 12 F-27.
20 NF-5B trainers.
3 observation and comm sqns (under Army command) with 54 Alouette III hel) and 24 Piper L-21.
8 SAM squadrons with 32 Nike-Hercules.
11 SAM squadrons with 66 HAWK.
RESERVES: about 18,300. Para-Military Forces: 3,700 Gendarmerie. Home Guard 4,000 (on mobilization).
NORWAY
Population: 4,000,000.
Military service: Army, 12 months; Navy and Air Force, 15 months.
Total armed forces: 34,900 (22,900 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1973: $20.5 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 3,704 million kroner ($680 million). $1=5.45 kroner (1974), 5.24 kroner (1973). Army: 17,700 (13,200 conscripts).
1 brigade group of 1 armd, 2 mech inf bns in north Norway.
Indep armd sqns, inf bns and arty regts.
78 Leopard and 38 M-48 med tks; M-8 armd cars; M-113 and BV-202 APC;
105mm and M-109 155mm SP how; 107mm mor; 57mm, 75mm ATk guns; 84mm Carl Gustav, 106mm RCL; Bofors
L-60 AA guns; L-18 and L-19 lt ac. (TOW and Carl Gustav on order.)
RESERVES: 135,000. 12 Regimental Combat Teams (brigades) of 5,000 men each, supporting units and territorial forces;
Home Guard (all Services) 80,000. Navy: 8,300, incl 1,600 coastal artillery (5,200 conscripts).
15 coastal submarines.
5 frigates.
2 coastal escorts.
26 fast patrol boats (with Penguin SSM).
20 torpedo boats.
10 coastal minesweepers and 4 minelayers.
1 support ship.
7 landing craft.
36 coastal artillery batteries.
10 Sea King helicopters.
RESERVES: 22,000. Air Force: 8,900 (4,500 conscripts); 107 combat aircraft.
3 FGA squadrons with 48 F-5A.
1 FGA squadron with 22 CF-104G.
1 AWX fighter squadron with 16 F-104G.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 16 RF-5A.
1 MR squadron with 5 P-3B.
1 transport squadron with 6 C-130H.
2 hel sqns with 32 UH-1B.
3 lt AA bns with 40mm L/70 guns.
4 SAM batteries with Nike-Hercules.
RESERVES: 17,500; 9 lt AA bns for airfield defence with L/60 40mm guns.
PORTUGAL
Population: 9,200,000.
Military service: Army, 24 months; Air Force, 36 months; Navy, 48 months.
Total armed forces: 217,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $11.1 billion.
Defence budget 1973: 11,926 million escudos ($523 million). $1=25.1 escudos (1974), 22.8 escudos (1973). Army: 179,000.
2 tank regiments.
4 cavalry regiments.
1 cavalry bn, 5 indep sqns.
21 infantry regiments.
7 lt inf bns, 13 inf bns and 13 inf coys.
7 artillery regiments (2 medium, 5 light), 6 artillery battalions and 5 artillery batteries.
1 coastal artillery regiment.
1 AA arty regt, 2 AA bns, 3 AA/coastal btys.
3 engineer battalions.
3 signals battalions.
(Some of the above units form 2 infantry divisions, at or below half-strength.)
M-47 and M-4 med tks; M-41 lt tks;
Humber Mark IV and EBR-75 armd cars; AML-60 scout cars; FV-1609 and M-16 half-track APC;
200 25-pdr, 5.5-inch guns, 105mm and 140mm how; coast and AA arty.
DEPLOYMENT:
About 25 inf, 4 para bns and supporting units are located in Africa. The numbers concerned, including locally enlisted, are:
Angola:57,000.
Mozambique: 50,000.
Portuguese Guinea: 27,000.
RESERVES: 550,000. Navy: 19,500 (including 3,400 marines).
4 submarines (French Daphne-type).
8 frigates.
6 submarine chasers/corvettes.
29 coastal patrol vessels.
9 coastal minesweepers.
25 patrol launches (26 less than 100 tons).
64 landing craft (58 less than 100 tons).
RESERVES: 12,000. Air Force: 18,500; 127 combat aircraft.
2 lt bbr sqns with 6 B-26 Invader and 10 PV-2.
2 FGA squadrons with 30 G-91.
1 interceptor squadron with 25 F-86F.
6 COIN flights with 50 armed T-6K.
1 maritime patrol squadron with 6 P-2V5.
20 Noratlas, 20 C-47, 10 DC-6 and 15 C-45 tpts.
13 T-33, 25 T-37 and 40 T-6 recce/trainers.
2 Alouette II, 80 Alouette III, 11 SA-330 Pumahel.
(28 CASA 212 Aviocartpts and Puma and Alouette hel on order.)
1 parachute regiment of 3,300. Para-Military Forces: 9,700 National Republican Guard.
TURKEY
Population: 38,940,000.
Military service: 20 months.
Total armed forces: 453,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $21.5 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 13,427 million liras ($995 million). $1=13.5 liras (1974), 13.7 liras (1973). Army: 365,000.
1 armoured division.
2 mechanized infantry divisions.
12 infantry divisions.
4 armoured brigades.
3 mechanized infantry brigades.
5 infantry brigades.
1 parachute brigade.
2 armoured cavalry regiments.
3 SSM battalions with Honest John.
1,800 M-47 and M-48 med tks; M-24, M-26 and M-41 lt tks; M-36 tank destroyers;
M-8 armd cars; M-59 and M-l 13 APC;
105mm and 155mm SP guns; 105mm, 155mm and 203mm how;
SS-11 and Cobra ATGW; 40mm, 75mm and 90mm AA guns; 12 Honest John SSM;
Do-27, Do-28D-1 Sky Servant and V-1 Beaver lt ac;
20 AB-206 and 20 Bell 47G hel.
DEPLOYMENT: Cyprus 1 bn, 650 men.*
RESERVES: 750,000. Navy: 40,000.
15 submarines.
14 destroyers.
7 escort vessels.
11 FPB (2 less than 100 tons).
27 MGB and 14 motor launches.
16 coastal and 4 inshore minesweepers.
8 minelayers.
90 landing craft.
1 MR sqn with 12 S-2E Tracker.
3 AB-205A ASW helicopters.
RESERVES: 25,000. Air Force: 48,000; 290 combat aircraft. (A combat squadron has an average of 18 aircraft.)
1 fighter-bomber squadron with F-4.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with 33 F-104G.
5 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-100D.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-5A.
1 interceptor squadron with 28 F-5A.
2 AWX squadrons with 30 F-102A.
3 recce squadrons with RF-84F and RF-5A.
3 tpt sqns with 14 C-47, 10 C-130 and 20 Transall.
10 Bell UH-1D, 10 Sikorsky UH-19D and some AB-204B hel.
2 SAM battalions with 72 Nike-Ajax/Hercules.
(F-4, 16 Transall on order.) Para-Military Forces:75,000 Gendarmerie (including 3 mobile brigades).
Turkey increased her forces in Cyprus by an estimated 20-30,000 in July 1974.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
ALBANIA
Population: 2,420,000.
Military service: Army 2 years; Air Force, Navy and special units 3 years.
Total regular forces: 38,000.
Estimated GNP 1971:$1.0 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974:610 million leks ($122 million). $1=5 leks. Army: 30,000.
1 tank brigade.
6 infantry brigades (2 cadre).
Some light coastal batteries.
70 T-34, 15 T-54 and T-59 med tks; T-62 lt tks;
20 BA-64, BTR-40 and BTR-152 APC;
SU-76 SP guns; 122mm and 152mm gun/how; 45mm, 57mm, 76mm and 85mm ATk guns; 37mm and 85mm AA guns. Navy: 3,000.
4 submarines (ex-Soviet W-class).
5 coastal escorts (ex-Soviet Kronstadt-class).
40 MTB (12 ex-Soviet P-4, 28 ex-Chinese Hu Chwan class hydrofoils).
10 MCM ships (2 ex-Soviet T-43, 6 T-30 class).
10 ex-Soviet PO-2 patrol boats. Air Force: 5,000; 72 combat aircraft.
2 fighter squadrons with 24 MiG-l5/F-2 (Chinese).
2 interceptor squadrons with 36 MiG-19 and 12 MiG-21 (Chinese).
1 transport squadron with 3 An-2 and 3 Il-14.
2 squadrons with 20 Mi-1 and Mi-4 helicopters.
SA-2 SAM.
RESERVES (all services): 100,000. Para-Military Forces: 15,000: Internal security force 5,000; frontier force 10,000.
AUSTRIA
Population: 7,550,000.
Military service: 6 months, followed by 60 days' reservist training.
Total armed forces: 12,300 regular, 25,000 conscript (total mobilizable strength 150,000).
Estimated GNP 1973: $31.6 billion.
Defence budget 1974:5,879 million schilling ($323 million). $1=18.2 schilling (1974), 17.5 schilling (1973). Army: 10,000 regulars, 23,000 conscripts.
3 mech bdes (each with 1 tk bn, 2 mech inf bns).*
4 infantry brigades (3 inf bns, 1 arty bn).* (* Not at full strength; reserve bdes at cadre,
1 commando battalion.
5 signals battalions.
320 M-47, M-60 med tks; 120 Kuerassier tk destroyers; 470 Saurer 4K4F APC:
130 M-2 105mm and M-1 155mm how; 38 M-109 155mm SP how; 18 130mm Praga V2S multiple RL;
300 80mm, 107 M-2 107mm and 82 M-30 120mm mor; 240 M-52/M-55 85mm ATk guns.
DEPLOYMENT: 1 company and 1 field hospital in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 240; 1 battalion in Egypt (UNEF), 613; 1 battalion in Syria (UNDOF), 508.
RESERVES: 112,000; 3 reserve brigades (each of 3 inf, 1 arty bns);*
16 regiments and 4 battalions of Landwehr distributed among 8 regional military commands. 690,000 have a reserve commitment. Air Force: 2,300 regulars; 2,000 conscripts; 38 combat aircraft.*
(* Austrian air units axe an integral part of the army, but have been listed separately for purposes of comparison.)
3 fighter bomber squadrons with 38 Saab 105OE.
1 tpt sqn with 3 Beaver L-20A, 2 Short Skyvan.
6 hel sqns with 23 AB-204B, 13 AB-206A, 25 Alouette II/III, 5 OH-13H, 2 S-650E.
Other ac incl 17 Cessna L-19.
3 independent air defence battalions.
297 20mm Oerlikon, 44 35mm Z/65 Super Bat, 59 40mm 55 and 57 Bofors AA guns.
RESERVES: 700. Para-Military Forces: 11,250 Gendarmerie.
EIRE
Population: 3,050,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 12,300.
Estimated GNP 1973: $6.8 billion.
Defence budget 1974: £27 million ($64 million). $1=£0.419 (1974), £0.388 (1973).
(Figure for 9 months to December 1974, after which financial year will coincide with calendar year.) Army: 11,300.
9 infantry battalions.
4 recce squadrons.
3 field artillery batteries.
8 engineer companies.
1 AA battery.
4 AML H90, 16 AML H60 armd cars; 30 Panhard VTT/M-3, 17 Unimog APC; 48 25-pdr guns; 72 m/41C 120mm mor;
447 84mm Carl Gustav and 96 90mm IIIO RCL; 26 40mm Bofors AA guns.
RESERVES: 19,800: Regular Reserve 1,200; Territorial Army; 17,400. Navy: 430.
1 fishery protection vessel.
3 coastal minesweepers (ex-British Ton-class). Air Force: 570; 7 combat aircraft.
3 Vampire T-55 (to be withdrawn late 1974), 4 BAC Provost, 8 Chipmunk and 8 Cessna FR-172;
2 Dove lt tpt; 8 Alouette III hel.
(6 Super MagisterCM-170 to be delivered 1974-75.)
FINLAND
Population: 4,674,000.
Military service: 8-11 months.
Total armed forces: 35,800 (28,000 conscripts).
Estimated GNP 1973: $I7.5 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 944 million markkaa ($261 million). $1=3.62 markkaa (1974), 3.65 markkaa (1973). Army: 30,300.
1 armoured brigade (about half strength).
6 infantry brigades (about 35 per cent strength).
8 independent infantry battalions.
3 field artillery regiments.
5 independent field artillery battalions.
2 coastal artillery regiments.
3 independent coast artillery battalions.
1 AA regiment.
4 independent AA battalions.
T-54, T-55 and Charioteer med tks; PT-76 lt tks; BTR-50P APC;
105mm, 122mm and 130mm guns; 105mm, 122mm, 150mm and 152mm how;
81mm and 120mm mor; 55mm and 95mm RCL; Vigilant and SS-11 ATGW;
ZSU-57-2, ZSU-23-2, 35mm Oerlikon and 40mm Bofors AA guns.
DEPLOYMENT: Cyprus (UNFICYP) 226 (being increased), Egypt (UNEF) 497. Navy: 2,500.
3 frigates (one used as training ship).
2 corvettes.
1 patrol boat with SSM (experimental).
15 fast patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
5 patrol boats.
1 coastal minelayer.
6 landing craft. Air Force: 3,000; 47 combat aircraft.
3 fighter sqns with 35 MiG-21F, 12 Saab J-35BS Draken and Fouga Magister.
About 8 DC-3, Il-28 and Beaver tpts.
60 Magister, 30 Safir, 3 MiG-15UTI and 2 MiG-21UTI trainers.
3 Mi-4, 2 Mi-8, 1 Alouette II and 1 AB-206A hel.
RESERVES: 685,000 (29,000 a year do training). Para-Military Forces:3,700 frontier guards.
SPAIN
Population: 35,250,000.
Military service: 18 months.
Total armed forces: 284,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $61.018 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973: 65.7 billion pesetas ($1,131 million). $1=57.3 pesetas (1974), 58.1 pesetas (1973). Army: 208,000.
1 armoured division.
1 mechanized infantry division.
1 motorized infantry division.
2 mountain divisions.
1 armoured cavalry brigade.
11 independent infantry brigades.
(AH above are about 70 per cent strength.)
1 mountain brigade.
1 airportable brigade.
1 parachute brigade.
2 artillery brigades (1 coast artillery).
1 SAM bn with Nike-Hercules.
1 SAM battalion with HAWK.
200 AMX-30, 350 M-47 and M-48 med tks; 250 M-24 and M-41 lt tks;
Greyhound armd cars; AML-60/90 and M-3 scout cars; 50 M-113 APC;
75mm, 122mm, 155mm guns; 105mm, 155mm and 175mm SP guns; 200 105mm, 155mm and 203mm how;
108mm, 216mm and 300mm multiple RL; 120mm mor;
89mm, 106mm ATk weapons; 90mm SP ATk guns;
40mm L/70 and 90mm AA guns; 88mm coastal guns;
20 Cessna O-1E, 20 CASA 127 lt ac;
6 Bell 47G, 12 UH-1B, 16 UH-1H and 16 AB-206A hel (6 CH-47C tpt hel on order);
HAWK SAM. Navy: 43,000 (incl 7,000 marines).
6 submarines (2 Daphne-class on order).
1 helicopter carrier.
1 cruiser.
20 destroyers (5 more on order).
6 frigates (2 with Standard SAM; 3 more on order).
5 corvettes.
3 ASW launches.
3 torpedo boats.
23 minesweepers.
14 landing ships/craft.
3 ASW hel and 1 lt hel sqns with 6 SH-3D, 4 AB-204B, 9 H-19, 5 Hughes 500M, 15 Bell 47H-1G, Bell 212 and Sikorsky CH-47.
(8AV-8A Harrieron order.) Air Force: 33,000; 201 combat aircraft.
2 FB sqns with 36 F-4C.
2 FB sqns with 24 Mirage IIIEE.
4 FB sqns with 36 SF-5A and 36 SF-5B.
2 FB sqns with 44 HA-200 Saeta.
1 FB sqn with 25 HA-220 Super Saeta.
1 ASW sqn with 11 SA-16B.
1 SAR sqn with 11 HU-16A.
Tpt ac include C-47, DC-4, CASA 207 Azor, Caribou;12 KC-97L tankers.
Trainers include 6 Mirage IIIDE and 6 SF-5B.
Hel include AB-205, AB-206 and AB-47.
(21 Mirage F-l, 4 C-130H, 32 C-212 Aviocar, 8 Chinookand 8 Cobraon order.) Para-Military Forces: 65,000 Guardia Civil. DEPLOYMENT (outside mainland Spain): 41,000.
Balearic Islands:6,000.
Canary Islands:8,000.
Ceuta:8,000, incl 1 regt of Foreign Legion.
Melilla:9,000, incl 1 regt of Foreign Legion.
Spanish Sahara: 10,000, incl 2 regts of Foreign Legion.
SWEDEN
Population: 8,240,000.
Military service: Army and Navy, 74-15 months; Air Force, 9-14 months.
Total armed forces; 18,000 regulars, 13,900 reservists and 54,200 conscripts, plus 112,400 conscripts on annual refresher training.
(Total mobilizable strength 750,000.)
Estimated GNP 1973: $55.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 7,221 million kroner ($1.641 million). $1=4.40 kroner (1974), 4.01 kroner (1973). Army: 8,200 regulars, 9,000 reservists and 40,400 conscripts, plus 101,000 conscripts on 18-40 days annual refresher training.
6 armoured brigades.
20 infantry brigades.
4 Norrlands brigades.
50 independent inf, arty and AA battalions.
23 Local Defence Districts with 100 independent battalions and 400-500 independent companies.
49 non-operational armoured, infantry and artillery training units for basic conscript training.
Strv 101, 102 (Centurion) and 103B med tks; Strv 74 lt tks (Ikv 91 on order); Pbv 302A, SK.PF APC;
Ikv 102, Ikv 103i 105mm and Bk 1A (L/50) 155mm SP guns; 75mm, 105mm and 155mm how;
90mm ATk guns; SS-11, Bantam ATGW; Carl Gustav and Miniman RCL;
20mm, 40mm and 57mm AA guns; Redeye and HAWK SAM;
20 Sk 61 (Bulldog), 12 Hkp-3 (AB-204B) and 22 Hkp-6 (Jet Ranger) hel.
DEPLOYMENT: Cyprus (UNFICYP) 225, Egypt (UNEF) 622. Navy: 4,400 regulars, 2,900 reservists and 7,500 conscripts, plus 6,800 conscripts on annual refresher training.
20 submarines.
8 destroyers, 2 with Rb-08 SSM, 4 with Seacat SAM.
4 fast ASW frigates (2 with lt hel).
1 FPB with Penguin SSM.
21 heavy torpedo boats.
16 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
24 patrol launches.
3 minelayer/submarine depot ships.
9 coastal minelayers.
10 mine tenders.
18 coastal minesweepers.
20 inshore minesweepers (8 less than 100 tons).
69 landing craft (60 less than 100 tons).
25 mobile and 45 static coastal artillery batteries with 75mm, 105mm, 120mm, 152mm and 210mm guns and Rb-08 and Rb-52 (SS-11) SSM.
7 Hkp-2 (Alouette II), 3 Hkp-4B (Vertol 107), 7 Hkp-4C (KV-107/ri), and 10 Hkp-6 hel. Air Force: 5,400 regulars, 2,000 reservists and 6,300 conscripts, plus 4,600 conscripts on annual refresher training; 600 combat aircraft.
(A combat sqn has up to 18 aircraft.)
9 FGA sqns, 6 with A-32A Lansen (with Rb-04E ASM) and 3 with AJ-37 Viggen.
1 FGA sqn with Saab Sk-60B.
13 AWX sqns with J-35F Draken.
6 AWX sqns with J-35A/D Draken.
2 recce-fighter sqns with S-32C Lansen.
3 recce/day fighter sqns with S-35E Draken.
2 tpt sqns with 2 C-130E and 5 C-47, Norseman and BACPembroke.
5 comm sqns with 110 Saab 105 (Sk-60A/B) and 58 SA Bulldog (Sk 61).
5 hel groups (up to 2-4 aircraft each) with 1 Hkp-2, 6 Hkp-3 and 10 Hkp-4B.
2 SAM sqns with Bloodhound 2.
There is a fully computerized, fully automatic control and air surveillance system, Stril 60, co-ordinating all air defence components.
RESERVES (all services): voluntary defence organizations 551,500.
SWITZERLAND
Population: 6,580,000.
Military service: 4 months initial training, refresher training of three weeks a year for 8 years, two weeks for 3 years and one week for 2 years.
Total armed forces: 6,500 regulars and 36,000 conscripts (total mobilizable strength 625,000; militia can be fully mobilized within 48 hours).
Estimated GNP 1973: $45.9 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 2,662 million francs ($884 million). $1=3.01 francs (1974), 2.89 francs (1973). Army: 3,500 regulars (incl Air Defence troops), 30,000 conscripts, 536,500 militia (reservists).
1 mountain corps of 3 mountain inf divs.
3 corps each of 1 mech, 1 inf and 1 frontier div.
23 indep frontier, fortress or 'redoubt' bdes.
300 Centurion, 150 Pz-61 and 170 Pz-68 med tks; 200 AMX-13 lt tks; 1,250 M-113 APC;
105mm guns; 105mm, 155mm and 150 M-109U 155mm SP how; 120mm mor; 83mm, 106mm RCL;
50mm, 57mm and 90mm ATk guns; 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, 34mm and 35mm AA guns; 10 patrol boats. Air Force: 3,000 regular, 6,000 conscripts, 46,000 militia (maintenance is by civilians); 290 combat aircraft.
5 interceptor/FGA sqns with 80 Hunter F-58.
2 interceptor/FGA sqns with 30 Mirage IIIS.
13 FGA sqns with 150 Venom FB-50.
2 recce sqns with 30 Mirage IIIRS.
1 tpt sqn with 3 Ju-52/3m.
5 lt ac sqns with 20 Do-27, some Pilatus Porter.
2 hel sqns with 30 Alouette II.
Some 50 Alouette III hel.
1 parachute company.
3 air base regiments.
1 SAM regt of two bns, each with 32 Bloodhound. RESERVES (all services): 582,500.
1,500 T-54/55, T-34 and M-47 and about 650 M-4 med tks; some PT-76 lt tks;
M-3, M-8, BTR-50P, BTR-60P, BTR-152 and M-590 APC;
M-18 (76mm), M-36 (90mm), SU-100 SP guns;
76.2mm, 122mm, 130mm, 155mm guns; 105mm, 155mm how; 105mm SP how; RL; 120mm mor;
75mm, 82mm RCL; 57mm, 100mm ATk guns; Snapper, Sagger ATGW;
20mm, 30mm, 37mm, 85mm, 88mm AA and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns. Navy: 20,000.
5 submarines.
1 destroyer.
20 coastal escorts.
10 Osa-class FPB with Styx SSM.
55 torpedo boats (15 Shershen-class).
25 patrol boats.
30 MCM vessels (14 river minesweepers).
34 landing craft.
25 coastal artillery batteries. Air Force: 20,000; 275 combat aircraft.
12 FGA sqns with 10 F-84, 20 Kragujand 95 Galeb/Jastreb.
8 fighter sqns with 110 MiG-21.
2 reconnaissance sqns with 15 RT-33A and 25 Galeb/Jastreb.
56 tpts, incl C-47, Il-14, Il-18 and An-12.
60 Caleb, 30 T-33 and some MiG-21UTI trainers.
15 Whirlwind, 35 Mi-4, 25 Mi-8 and 5 Alouette III helicopters (130 SA-341 Gazelleon order).
8 SAM batteries with SA-2. Para-Military Forces and Reserves: 19,000 Frontier Guards; 1,000,000 Territorial Defence Force (planned to increase to 3,000,000).
Bilateral Agreements with External Powers The Soviet Union has a fifteen-year treaty of friendship and co-operation with Egypt, signed in May 1971, and a similar treaty, though with less comprehensive defence provisions, was concluded with Iraq in April 1972. She has been a major arms supplier to these two countries and to Syria. Important military assistance has also been provided to Algeria, Sudan and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
The United States has varying types of security assistance agreements and provides significant military aid on either a grant or credit basis to Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Israel. She provides, in addition, a significant amount of military equipment on a cash sales basis to many countries, notably Greece, Spain, Israel, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. For grant military aid purposes Turkey is considered a forward defence area, and Spain is considered a base rights country under a basing agreement concluded in August 1970. A naval facilities agreement was signed with Bahrain in late 1971. Communications bases are maintained in Morocco under informal arrangements.
Britain is responsible for the defence of Gibraltar. A seven-year agreement with Malta, signed on 26 March 1972, permits Britain to base forces on the island for British and NATO purposes. Britain concluded treaties of friendship with Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in August 1971 and is also an arms supplier for Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Jordan, and, recently, Egypt. A small number of British troops are assisting government forces in Oman.
Britain is a signatory, with Greece and Turkey, of the 1959 Treaty of Guarantee, which guarantees the independence, territorial integrity and security of the Republic of Cyprus and maintains a garrison in two Sovereign Base Areas in the island. Greece and Turkey each maintain a contingent in Cyprus under an associated Treaty of Alliance with the Republic*
(* Turkish forces in Cyprus were substantially increased in July 1974, and the constitutional provisions of the 1959 Agreement are now under review.)
The People's Republic of China has supplied arms to Albania and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen.
France has a pilot-training agreement with Morocco and supplies arms to a number of countries, particularly Greece, Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
Spain directly assures the defence of Ceuta and Melilla, regarded as integral parts of Spain.
Multilateral Agreements including External Powers The members of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) are Britain, Iran, Pakistan and Turkey, with the United States as an associate. All sit on the Military, Economic and Counter-Subversion Committees and on the Permanent Military Deputies Group. The Treaty provides for mutual cooperation for security and defence but has no central command structure nor forces allocated to it. For the local powers, the economic organization of Regional Co-operation for Development (RCD), which has evolved independently out of CENTO, has recently been described as more important.
There are United Nations forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP), Syria (UNDOF) and Egypt (UNEF).
Arrangements within the Region Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen are members of the League of Arab States. Among its subsidiary bodies are the Arab Defence Council, set up in 1950, and the Unified Arab Command, organized in 1964.
Defence agreements were concluded by Egypt with Syria in November 1966 and Jordan in May 1967, to which Iraq later acceded. These arrangements provided for the establishment of a Defence Council and a Joint Command. The loosely associated Eastern Front Command, comprising Iraq, Jordan, the Palestine Liberation Army and Syria, was reorganized in December 1970 into separate Jordanian and Syrian commands. Iraq and Syria concluded defence pacts in May 1968 and July 1969. The Federation, of Arab Republics, formed by Libya, Syria and Egypt in April 1971, provided for a common defence policy and a Federal Defence Council, but only in January 1973 was an Egyptian Commander-in-Chief appointed to command all Federation forces.
Iran gives military assistance to Oman, and Iranian troops are assisting government forces there.
Ближний Восток и Средиземноморье
Двусторонние соглашения с внешними державами Советский Союз имеет пятнадцатилетний договор о дружбе и сотрудничестве с Египтом, подписанный в мае 1971 года, и аналогичный договор, хотя и с менее всеобъемлющими оборонными положениями, был заключен с Ираком в апреле 1972 года. Он был крупным поставщиком оружия в эти две страны и в Сирию. Важная военная помощь была также оказана Алжиру, Судану и Йеменской Народно-Демократической Республике.
Соединенные Штаты имеют различные виды соглашений об оказании помощи в обеспечении безопасности и предоставляют значительную военную помощь на безвозмездной или кредитной основе Греции, Турции, Португалии, Испании, Марокко, Тунису, Ливану, Иордании, Саудовской Аравии и Израилю. Кроме того, они поставляют значительное количество военной техники на кассовой основе во многие страны, в частности в Грецию, Испанию, Израиль, Иран, Саудовскую Аравию и Иорданию. Для целей предоставления военной помощи Турция считается передовой зоной обороны, а Испания считается страной с базовыми правами в соответствии с соглашением о базировании, заключенным в августе 1970 года. В конце 1971 года с Бахрейном было подписано соглашение о военно-морских объектах. В Марокко базы связи поддерживаются в рамках неофициальных договоренностей.
Великобритания отвечает за оборону Гибралтара. Семилетнее соглашение с Мальтой, подписанное 26 марта 1972 года, позволяет Великобритании базировать силы на острове для британских целей и целей NATO . В августе 1971 года Великобритания заключила договоры о дружбе с Бахрейном, Катаром и Объединенными Арабскими Эмиратами, она также является поставщиком оружия для Ирана, Кувейта, Бахрейна, Катара, Объединенных Арабских Эмиратов, Саудовской Аравии, Омана, Иордании и, недавно, Египта. Небольшое число британских военнослужащих оказывают помощь правительственным войскам в Омане.
Великобритания подписала с Грецией и Турцией договор о гарантиях 1959 года, который гарантирует независимость, территориальную целостность и безопасность Республики Кипр и содержит гарнизоны в двух суверенных районах базирования на острове. Греция и Турция имеют контингент на Кипре в соответствии с ассоциированным Договором о союзе с Республикой*
(*Турецкие силы на Кипре были существенно увеличены в июле 1974 года, и в настоящее время пересматриваются конституционные положения Соглашения 1959 года.)
Китайская народная республика поставляет оружие Албании и Йеменской Народно-Демократической Республике.
Франция заключила с Марокко соглашение об экспериментальной подготовке и поставляет оружие в ряд стран, в частности в Грецию, Ливию, Кувейт и Саудовскую Аравию.
Испания непосредственно обеспечивает защиту Сеуты и Мелильи, которые считаются неотъемлемой частью Испании.
Многосторонние соглашения, включая внешние державы Членами Центральной Организации Договора (CENTO) являются Великобритания, Иран, Пакистан и Турция, с Соединенными Штатами в качестве ассоциированного члена. Имеются военный, экономический и борьбы с подрывной деятельностью комитеты и постоянная военная группа депутатов. Договор предусматривает взаимное сотрудничество в области безопасности и обороны, но не имеет центральной структуры командования и выделенных ему сил. Для стран экономическая организация регионального сотрудничества в целях развития (RCD), возникшая в результате деятельности CENTO, может сегодня иметь более важное значение.
Есть силы ООН на Кипре (UNFICYP), Сирии (UNDOF) и Египте (UNEF).
Региональные соглашения Алжир, Бахрейн, Египет, Ирак, Иордания, Йемен, Катар, Кувейт, Ливан, Ливия, Марокко, Объединенные Арабские Эмираты, Оман, Саудовская Аравия, Судан, Сирия, Тунис и Народная Демократическая Республика являются членами Лиги арабских государств. В число его вспомогательных органов входят Совет обороны арабских государств, созданный в 1950 году, и Объединенное арабское командование, созданное в 1964 году.
Оборонные соглашения были заключены Египтом с Сирией в ноябре 1966 года и Иорданией в мае 1967 года, к которым позднее присоединился Ирак. Эти меры предусматривали создание Совета обороны и Объединенного командования. Cвободно ассоциированное командование Восточного фронта в составе Ирака, Иордании, Армии Освобождения Палестины и Сирии было реорганизовано в декабре 1970 года в отдельные иорданское и сирийское командования. Ирак и Сирия заключили договоры об обороне в мае 1968 года и июле 1969 года. Федерация арабских республик, образованная Ливией, Сирией и Египтом в апреле 1971 года, предусматривала общую оборонную политику и Федеральный Совет обороны, но только в январе 1973 года египетский Главнокомандующий был назначен командовать всеми силами Федерации.
Иран оказывает военную помощь Оману, и иранские войска оказывают там помощь правительственным войскам.
2 SSM regts (up to 24 Scud).* (*Believed to be under Soviet control.)
2,000 JS-3/T-10 hy, T-54/55, T-62 med tks, PT-76 lt tks;
2,000 BTR-40, BTR-50P, BTR-60P, OT-64 and BTR-152 APC; 100 BMP-76PB;
about 120 SU-100 and JSU-152 SP guns;
about 1,200 122mm, 130mm and 152mm guns and how; 8-inch guns; 40 203mm how; 420 RL;
about 900 57mm, 85mm and 100mm ATk guns; Sagger, Swatter, Snapper ATGW;
18 FROG-7 and some Samlet SSM;
ZSU-23-4, ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-6, SA-7 SAM.*
(* Equipment and aircraft figures approximate; war losses and replacements make assessment difficult.)
AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: 75,000;* 108 combat aircraft. (* Under Army command, with Army and Air Force manpower.)
80 SA-2, 65 SA-3, some SA-6; 20mm, 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, and 100mm AA guns;
9 sqns of MiG-21MF interceptors;
missile radars incl Fan Song, Low Blow, Flat Face, Straight Flush and Long Track; gun radars Fire Can, Fire Wheel and Whiff;
early warning radars Knife Rest and Spoon Rest.
RESERVES: about 500,000. Navy: 15,000 (including coastguard).
12 submarines (6 W- and 6 R-class, ex-Soviet).
5 destroyers (including 4 ex-Soviet Skory-class).
3 escorts (ex-British).
12 SO-I submarine chasers (ex-Soviet).
8 Osa- and 6 Komar-class FPB with Styx SSM.
29 MTB (Shershen and P-6).
12 ex-Soviet minesweepers (6 T-43, 4 Yurka, 2 T-301).
14 landing craft (10 Vydra, 4 MP-SMB-1).
RESERVES: about 14,000. Air Force: 28,000; 568 combat aircraft.*f (* Including about 100 in storage.)
(f Equipment and aircraft figures approximate; war losses and replacements make assessment difficult.)
25 Tu-16 medium bombers (10 with Kelt ASM).
5 Il-28 light bombers.
38 Mirage V fighter-bombers (from Libya).
100 Su-7 fighter-bombers.
100 MiG-17 fighter-bombers.
200 MiG-21 interceptors with Atoll AAM.
200 MiG-15, MiG-21, Su-7, Yak-18 L-29 and Gomhouria trainers.
About 50 U-14 and 20 An-12 med tpts.
200 Mi-1, Mi-4, Mi-6, Mi-8 and 30 Sea King hel.
RESERVES: about 20,000. Para-Military Forces: about 100,000; National Guard 6,000, Frontier Corps 6,000, Defence and Security 30,000, Coast Guard 7,000.
IRAN
Population: 32,215,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 238,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $22.5 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: 215,100 million rials ($3,225 million). $1=66.7 rials (1974), 67.8 rials (1973). Army: 175,000.
3 armoured divisions.
2 infantry divisions.
4 indep bdes (2 inf, 1 AB, 1 special force).
1 SAM battalion with HAWK.
300 Chieftain, 400 M-47 and 460 M-60A1 med tks;
about 2,000 M-113, BTR-50 and BTR-60 APC;
130mm and 155mm guns; 600 75mm, 105mm, 155mm, 203mm how, 175mm SP guns and 203mm SP how;
64 BM-21 RL; SS-11, SS-12, TOWATGW;
23mm, 40mm, 57mm and 85mm AA guns; HAWK SAM;
(480 Chieftain med, 250 Scorpion lt tks; 155mm SP guns and ZSU-23-4 SP AA guns on order).
Ac include C-45, Li-8, 45 Cessna 185, 10 O-2A, 6 Cessna 310.
20 Huskie, 24 AB-206A and 14 CH-47C hel (52 AB-205A on order).
DEPLOYMENT: Oman 1,500, 1 para bn, 1 hel sqn.
RESERVES: 300,000. Navy: 13,000.
3 destroyers.
4 frigates with Mk 2 Seakiller SSM and Seacat SAM.
4 corvettes.
10 patrol boats (3 under 100 tons).
6 minesweepers (4 coastal).
4 landing craft.
8 SRN-6 and 2 Wellington BH-N7 hovercraft.
4 AB-205A, 14 AB-206A, 6 AB-212, 10 SH-3D hel.
(6 FPB, 2 BH-N7 hovercraft, 6 P-3 Orion MR ac on order.) Air Force: 50,000; 216 combat aircraft.
6 FB sqns with 32 F-4D, 64 F-4E with Sidewinder and Sparrow AAM.
6 FB sqns with 100 F-5A.
2 recce sqns with 4 RF-4E, 16 RF-5A.
6 med tpt sqns with 60 C-130E/H.
2 lt tpt sqns with 12 F-27, 6 C-54, 5 C-47, and 5 Beaver.
12 Huskie, 5 AB-206A, 5 AB-212, 4 CH-47C hel.
Trainers incl 30 T-41, 30 T-33, T-6. Rapier and Tigercat SAM.
(80 F-14 Tomcat, 70 F-4E, 141 F-5E, 4 F-28, 6 707-320C tankers, 22 CH-47C, 287 UH-1H/214A Huey Plus, Blindfire SAM radar on order.) Para-Military Forces: 70,000 Gendarmerie with lt ac and hel; 40 patrol boats.
IRAQ
Population: 10,740,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 112,500.
Estimated GNP 1973: $5.0 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: 236 million dinars ($803 million). $1=0.294 dinars (1974), 0.302 dinars (1973). Army: 100,000.
2 armd divs, each of 2 armd bdes and 1 mech bde.
3 inf divs, each of 1 mech and 3 inf bdes.
1 Republican Guard mech bde.
2 special forces bdes.
1,300 T-62, T-54/55, and 90 T-34 med, PT-76 lt tks;
about 1,300 AFV, incl BTR-60, BMP-76, BTR-152;
700 75mm, 85mm, 100mm, 120mm, 130mm and 152mm guns; FROG SSM;
23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm AA guns.*
(* Equipment and aircraft figures approximate; war losses and replacements make assessment difficult.)
RESERVES: 250,000. Navy: 2,000.
3 SO-I submarine chasers.
2 minesweepers.
3 Osa-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
12 P-6 torpedo boats.
6 patrol boats (less than 100 tons). Air Force: 10,500; 218 combat aircraft.*
1 bomber sqn with 8 Tu-16.
3 fighter-bomber sqns with 60 Su-7.
1 FGA sqn with 20 Hunter.
3 fighter sqns with 30 MiG-17.
5 interceptor sqns with 100 MiG-21.
2 tpt sqns with 12 An-2, 6 An-12, 10 An-24 and Tu-124.
35 Mi-4, 16 Mi-6, 30 Mi-8 and 20 Alouette III hel.
Trainers incl 30 MiG-15, MiG-21UTI, Hunter T66/69, Yak, L-29 (L-39 on order).
SA-2, SA-3 and SA-6 SAM.
RESERVES: 18,000. Para-Military Forces: 10,000 National Guard, 4,800 security troops and 4-5,000 others.
ISRAEL
Population: 3,260,000.
Military service: men 36 months, women 20 months (Jews and Druses only; Moslems and Christians may volunteer).
Annual training for reservists thereafter to age 40/41 for men, 30 for women.
Total armed forces: 33,500 regular, 112,000 conscripts; (mobilization to about 400,000 in 72 hours).
Estimated GNP 1973: $8.7 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 15,528 million Israeli pounds ($3,688 million). $1=4.21 Israeli pounds (1974), 4.19 pounds (1973). .
Army: 15,000 regular, 110,000 conscripts (including 12,000 women); 375,000 on mobilization.
10 armoured brigades,*
9 mechanized brigades.*
9 infantry brigades,*
5 parachute brigades.*
3 artillery brigades.
(* 7 (2 armd, 3 inf, 2 para) normally kept near full strength; 5 ( 1 armd, 4 mech) between 50% and full strength; rest at cadre strength.)
1,900 med tks, incl Sherman (modified with 75mm, 76mm, 105mm guns), Centurion, M-48, M-60, TI-67, T-54/55; some T-62, PT-76 lt tks,
about 3,600 AFV, incl AML-60, 15 AML-90 and some Staghomul armd cars; about 2,500 M-2, M-3, M-113, BRDM,
BTR-40, -50P/OT-62, -60P, -152 APC;
350 105mm and 155mm, and some 175mm SP how; 250 122mm guns and how; 120 130mm guns; 155mm how;
240mm RL; 900 120mm and 160mm (some 160mm SP) mor;
about 50 90mm SP ATk guns and 106mm RCL; LAW, TOW, Cobra, SS-10/11 ATGW;
about 900 20mm, 30mm and 40mm AA guns.*
(* Equipment and aircraft figures approximate; war losses and replacements make assessment difficult.)
(The 280-mile range MD-660 Jericho SSM is believed to be in production.) Navy: 3,500 regular, 1,000 conscripts; 5,000 on mobilization.
2 submarines (3 more on order).
4 Reshef-class FPB with Gabriel SSM (2 on order).
12 Saar-class FPB with Gabriel SSM. 9 motor torpedo boats.
30 small patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
9 landing craft (3 less than 100 tons).
Naval commandos: 300. Air Force: 15,000 regular, 1,000 conscripts; 20,000 on mobilization; 466 combat aircraft.*
10 Vautour light bombers (in storage).
150 F-4E FB/interceptors (more on order).
25 Mirage IIIB/C fighter-bomber/interceptors.
180 A-4E/H Skyhawk FB (more on order).
23 Mystere IVA fighter-bombers (in reserve).
30 Ouragan fighter-bombers(in storage).
30 Barak fighters.
12 Super Mystere B.2 interceptors.
6 RF-4E reconnaissance aircraft.
10 C-97 Stratocruiser (incl 2 tankers), 20 Noratlas, 10 C-47, 14 C-130E transports.
85 Magister trainers.
9 Super Frelon, 18 CH-53G, 20 AB-205A, 25 UH-1D Iroquois and 5 Alouette II helicopters.
10 SAM batteries with 60 HAWK.
RESERVES (all services): 254,500. Para-Military Forces: 4,000 Border Guards and 5,000 Nahal militia.
JORDAN
Population: 2,640,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 74,850.
Estimated GNP 1973: $0.8 million.
Defence expenditure 1974: 44.2 million dinars ($142 million). $1=0.311 dinar (1974), 0.320 dinar (1973). Army: 70,000.
2 armoured divisions.
1 mechanized division.
2 infantry divisions.
2 special forces battalions.
2 AA brigades.
240 M-47, M-48 and M-60 and 250 Centurion med tks;
130 Saladin armd cars; 140 Ferret scout cars; 280 M-113 and 120 Saracen APC;
110 25-pdr, 50 105mm and 155mm how; 35 M-52 105mm and 20 M-44 155mm sp how; 10 155mm guns;
350 81mm mor; RCL; TOW ATGW; 200 M-42 40mm SP AA guns. Navy: 250.
8 small patrol craft. Air Force: 4,600; 50 combat aircraft.
2 FGA squadrons with 32 Hunter.
1 interceptor squadron with 18 F-104A.
4 C-47, 2 Dove, 2 Packet and 1 Falcon tpts.
3 Whirlwind and 6 Alouette III helicopters.
(36 F-5E and 5 SA Bulldog on order.)
RESERVES: 20,000. Para-Military Forces: 22,000; 7,000 Public Security Force; 15,000 Civil Militia.
120 T-54 med tks; 120 AMX-13 lt tks;
36 EBR-75, 50 AML-245 and M-8 armd cars; 40 M-3 half track and 95 Czech OT-64 APC;
25 SU-100, AMX-105 and 50 M-56 90mm sp guns; 100 76mm, 85mm and 105mm guns; 75mm and 105mm how; 82mm and 120mm mor;
50 37mm and 100mm AA guns. Navy: 2,000 (including 500 marines).
1 frigate.
2 coastal escorts.
1 patrol boat.
1 landing craft.
(2 patrol vessels on order.) Air Force: 4,000; 60 combat aircraft.
2 interceptor sqns with 20 F-5A and 4 F-5B.
2 FGA sqns with 24 Magister.
2 transport sqns with 10 C-47 and 11 C-119G.
35 T-6 and 25 T-28 trainers.
12 AB-205A, 4 HH-43B and 4 Alouette II hel.
(12 MiG-17 fighter-bombers in storage; 6 C-130A transports on order.) Para-Military Forces: 23,000: 8,000 Gendarmerie, incl 2 mobile security bns; 15,000 Auxiliaries.
OMAN
Population: 740,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 9,700.* (* Including some 600 expatriate personnel of several nationalities, serving on contract or on secondment.)
Defence budget 1974: 58.5 million rial saidi ($169 million). $1=0.347 rial saidi (1974), 0.329 rial saidi (1973). Army: 9,000.
4 infantry battalions.
1 frontier force battalion.
1 armoured cavalry squadron.
1 artillery regiment.
1 signals regiment.
Saladin, V-100 Commando, Ferret armoured cars; 75mm pack how; 25-pdr and 5.5 inch guns. Navy: 200.
3 fast patrol boats.
3 armed motorized dhows.
1 patrol vessel (yacht). Air Force: 500 (including 160 contract personnel);
12 combat aircraft.
1 FGA squadron with 12 BAC-167 (4 on order).
1 air support squadron with 4 Caribou, 10 Skyvan and 4 Beaver (6 Skyvan on order).
1 hel sqn with 10 AB-205 and 4 AB-206A (3 AB-205A on loan from Iran, 10 on order).
1 transport flight with 5 Viscount (8 BN Defender and 3 BAC-111 to be delivered in 1974). Para-Military Forces: 2,000; 1,000 gendarmerie (2 battalions), 1,000 tribal Home Guard.
SAUDI ARABIA
Population: 8,670,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 43,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $6.8 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: 6,400 million Saudi riyals ($1,808 million). $1=3.54 riyals (1974), 3.66 riyals (1973). Army: 36,000.
4 infantry brigades.
1 armoured battalion.
2 reconnaissance battalions.
1 parachute battalion,
1 Royal Guard battalion.
3 artillery battalions.
3 AA battalions.
10 SAM batteries with HAWK.
30 AMX-30, 25 M-47 med tks; 60 M-41 lt tks;
200 AML-60 and AML-90, some Staghound and Greyhound armd cars; Ferret scout cars;
Field guns; AA guns; HAWK SAM.
(150 AMX-30, Scorpion, Fox and Improved HAWK on order.)
DEPLOYMENT: 4,000 in Jordan, 1,500 in Syria. Navy: 1,500.
4 FPB (Jaguar-class).
20 patrol boats (coastguard).
8 SRN-6 hovercraft (coastguard). Air Force: 5,500; 90 combat aircraft.
2 FB sqns with 14 F-5E and 20 F-5B.
2 FGA sqns with 21 BAC-167.
2 interceptor sqns with 35 F-52/F-53 Lightning.
2 tpt sqns with 9 C-130H and 2 C-140B.
2 hel sqns with 20 AB-206 and 10 AB-205.
Other ac incl 3 Lightning T-55, 1 T-33 trainer, 1 Cessna 310K and 6 172G lt ac; 6 Alouette III, 1 AB-204 hel.
37 Thunderbird Mk 1 SAM.
(126 F-5E/B, 38 Mirage MESA, 9 BAC-167, 12 KC-130 on order.) Para-Military Forces: 26,000 National Guard (formerly known as the 'White Army'), organized into regular and semi-regular battalions;
6,500 Coastguard and Frontier Force.
Multilateral Agreements The Organization of African Unity (OAU), constituted in May 1963, including all internationally recognized independent African states except South Africa. It has a Defence Commission responsible for defence and security co-operation and the defence of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its members, but this has rarely met.
There is a regional defence pact between France, Congo (Brazzaville), the Central African Republic and Chad, and a five-party defence agreement between France, Dahomey, Ivory Coast, Niger and Upper Volta which has set up the Conseil de defense de VAfrique e'quatoriale. There are no known formal military agreements between the white-controlled territories of Southern Africa, but links exist in practice. Periodical meetings on common security matters have taken place between the defence authorities of South Africa, Rhodesia and Portugal; there are 'hot pursuit' agreements relating to certain frontier areas, and South Africa has given some assistance to anti-insurgent forces operating in Rhodesia.
Bilateral Agreements The United States has varying types of security assistance agreements and provides significant military aid on either a grant or credit basis to Ethiopia and Zaire. For grant military assistance purposes, Ethiopia, where the United States has a large but reducing communications centre, is considered a base rights country.
Though the Soviet Union is not known to have defence agreements with countries in the area, she has given military assistance to Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and the Somali Republic. China has a military assistance agreement with Congo (Brazzaville) and may have formal arrangements covering military assistance and training with Tanzania.
Britain maintains defence agreements with Kenya and Mauritius, and an agreement with South Africa covering the use of the Simonstown naval base. France has defence agreements with Cameroon, Gabon, Malagasy Republic, Senegal and Togo; technical military assistance agreements with Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Malagasy Republic, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo and Upper Volta; and mutual facilities agreements with Dahomey, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Mauritania and Niger.
Spain assures the defence of the overseas province of Spanish Sahara, and Portugal that of Angola, Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea, at present overseas provinces, but to become independent.
Страны Африки к югу от Сахары*
Многосторонние договора Организация африканского единства (ОАЕ), учрежденная в мае 1963 года, включает все международно-признанные независимые африканские государства, за исключением Южной Африки. Она имеет комиссию по обороне, отвечающую за сотрудничество в области обороны и безопасности и защиту суверенитета, территориальной целостности и независимости ее членов, однако она редко проводит свои заседания.
Есть региональный оборонительный пакт между Францией, Конго (Браззавиль), Центральноафриканской Республикой и Чадом, и пятистороннее соглашение об обороне между Францией, Дагомеей, Кот д'Ивуаром, Нигером, и Верхней Вольтой, который создал Совет обороны Экваториальной Африки. Официальных военных соглашений между контролируемыми белыми территориями Южной Африки не существует, однако на практике такие связи существуют. Периодически проводятся совещания по общим вопросам безопасности между оборонными ведомствами Южной Африки, Родезии и Португалии; есть соглашений по горячим следам о некоторых приграничных районах, и Южная Африка оказывает помощь в анти-повстанческим силам, действующих в Родезии.
Двусторонние соглашения Соединенные Штаты имеют различные виды соглашений об оказании помощи в обеспечении безопасности и предоставляют значительную военную помощь Эфиопии и Заиру на безвозмездной или кредитной основе. Для предоставления военных целях помощи Эфиопии, где у США важный центр связи, обладает правом страны баз.
Хотя Советский Союз, как известно, не имеет соглашений об обороне со странами региона, он оказывает военную помощь Гвинее, Мали, Мавритании, Нигерии и Сомалийской Республике. Китай имеет соглашение о военной помощи с Конго (Браззавиль) и может иметь официальные договоренности, охватывающие военную помощь и подготовку с Танзанией.
Великобритания поддерживает оборонные соглашения с Кенией и Маврикием, а также соглашение с Южной Африкой, охватывающее использование военно-морской базы Симонстаун. Франция оборонные соглашения с Камеруном, Габоном, Мадагаскарской Республикой, Сенегалом и Того; соглашения о военно-технической помощи с Камеруном, Центральноафриканской Республики, Чадом, Конго (Браззавиль), Дагомеей, Габоном, Кот-д'Ивуаром, Малагасийской Республикой, Мавританией, Нигером, Сенегалом, Того и Верхней Вольтой; и взаимных услуг, договоры с Дагомеей, Габоном, Кот-д'Ивуаром, Мавританией и Нигером.
Испания обеспечивает защиту заморской провинции Испанская Сахара, а Португалия - Анголы, Мозамбика и Португальской Гвинеи, которые в настоящее время являются заморскими провинциями, но должны стать независимыми.
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Population: 1,020,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 5,100.
Estimated GNP 1972: $314 million.
Defence expenditure 1974: 4.61 billion CFA francs ($19 million). $1=241 CFA francs (1974), 256 CFA francs (1972). Army: 4,750.
1 armoured regiment (5 squadrons).
1 infantry battalion.
1 para-commando battalion.
1 reconnaissance squadron.
1 artillery group.
1 engineer battalion.
Chinese T-62 med tks; PT-76 lt tks; BRDM scout cars and recce vehicles; BTR-152 APC;
100mm guns; 122mm how; 122mm mor; 57mm ATk guns; 37mm and 57mm AA guns. Navy: 200. 12 river patrol boats. Air Force: 150; no combat aircraft.
2 C-47 and 4 An-24 tpts; 2 Broussard lt tpts; 4 Alouette II/III hel. Para-Military Forces: 1,400 Gendarmerie, 2,500 militia.
ETHIOPIA
Population: 26,920,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 44,570.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 2.5 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: $E 165 million ($US 80 million). $US 1=$E 2.07 (1974), SE 2.07 (1973). Army: 40,940.
Imperial Guard (8,000 men).
1 mech div with 1 mech, 2 inf bdes.
2 inf divs, each of 3 inf bdes, 1 arty bn.
1 tank battalion.
1 airborne infantry battalion.
4 armoured car squadrons.
4 artillery battalions.
5 air defence batteries.
2 engineer battalions.
50 M-41 med tks; about 40 APC; 30 M-9, M-20 and 56 AML-245 armd cars;
146 M-30 4.2 inch mortars; 36 75mm pack how; 52 105mm, 12 155mm guns; 6 Bell UH-1H hel. Navy: 1,380.
1 coastal minesweeper.
1 training ship (ex-seaplane tender).
5 patrol boats (ex-US PGM type).
4 harbour defence craft (less than 100 tons).
4 landing craft (less than 100 tons, ex-US LCM). Air Force: 2,250; 40 combat aircraft.
1 lt bomber squadron with 4 Canberra B.Mk 2.
1 fighter-bomber squadron with 12 F-86F.
1 fighter squadron with 8 F-5A.
1 recce squadron with 8 RT-33.
1 COIN squadron with 8 Saab-MFI 17.
1 tpt sqn with 6 C-47, 2 C-54, 5 C-119G and 3 Dove.
3 trg sqns with 20 Safir, 15 T-28A and 11 T-33A.
1 hel sqn with 5 Alouette II and 5 AB-204B. Para-Military Forces: 20,400. Territorial Army active strength, 6,000; mobile emergency police force 6,800;
frontier guards 1,200; commando force 3,200.
GHANA
Population: 9,620,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 17,700.
Estimated GNP 1973: $2.9 billion.
Defence expenditure 1972-73: 30.9 million cedi ($24 million). $1=1.15 cedi (1973), 1.30 cedi (1972). Army: 15,000.
2 brigades comprising 6 inf bns and support units.
1 reconnaissance battalion.
1 field engineer battalion.
1 mortar battery.
Saladin armd cars; Ferret scout cars; heavy mortars. Navy: 1,300.
2 corvettes.
1 coastal minesweeper.
1 inshore minesweeper.
2 seaward defence vessels.
2 landing craft. Air Force: 1,400; 6 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 6 MB-326.
1 transport squadron with 8 BN Islander and 3 Skyvan Series 3M.
1 comms and liaison squadron with I HS-125.
1 hel sqn with 2 Bell 212, 3 Alouette IIIB.
6 SA Bulldogtrainers.
(5 Skyvan, 6 F-27 on order.) Para-Military Forces:3,000; 3 Border Guard bns.
KENYA
Population: 12,920,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 7,430.
Estimated GNP 1973: $2.4 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 300 million shillings ($42 million). $1=7.16 shillings (1974), 7.14 shillings (1973). Army:6,400.
4 infantry battalions.
1 support battalion.
3 Saladin and 10 Ferret armd cars; 16 81mm and 8 120mm mor. Navy: 350.
3 patrol craft. Air Force:680; 11 combat aircraft.
1 COIN sqn with 6 BAC-167 Strikemaster.
1 COIN sqn with 5 SA Bulldogarmed trainers.
1 lt tpt sqn with 6 DHC-4A Caribou.
1 lt tpt sqn with 10 DHC-2 Beaver.
Other ac, incl. 2 Piper Navajo and 2 Bell 47G hel.
(6 Hunter FGA on order.) Para-Military Forces: 1,800.
NIGERIA
Population: 60,960,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 210,000.
Estimated GDP 1973: $7.5 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 336 million naira ($548 million). $1=0.613 naira (1974), 0.658 naira (1973). Army: 200,000.
3 infantry divisions.
3 reconnaissance regiments.
3 artillery regiments.
3 engineer regiments, garrison troops. Saladin and 20 AML-60/90 armd cars; Ferret scout cars; Saracen APC;
25-pdr, 105mm and 122mm guns; 40mm AA guns.
(Scorpion lt tks and Fox scout cars on order.)
RESERVES: 10,000. Navy: 5,000.
1 ASW/AA frigate.
2 corvettes.
5 seaward defence boats.
4 patrol craft.
1 landing craft.
RESERVES: 2,000. Air Force: 5,000; 42 combat aircraft.
1 bomber squadron with 6 Il-28.
2 FGA squadrons with 21 MiG-15/17.
1 COIN squadron with 15 L-29 Delfin.
2 med tpt squadrons with 6 C-47, 6 F-27.
1 lt comms squadron with Do-27.
1 SAR hel sqn with 3 Whirlwind and 4 Bo-105.
3 training/service sqns with 20 SA Bulldog, 5 P-149D, up to 28 Do-27/-28A/B and 4 Piper Navajo.
RHODESIA
Population: 6,070,000 (280,000 white population).
Military service: 12 months (European, Asian and coloured population).
Total armed forces: 4,700.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 2.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: $R 50 million ($US 87 million). $US 1= $R 0.578 (1974), $R 0.672 (1973). Army: 3,500 Regular; 10,000 Territorial Force.
2 infantry battalions (one has Ferret scout cars, a third forming).
2 Special Air Service squadrons.
1 artillery battery.
1 engineer squadron.
20 Ferret scout cars; 25-pdr gun/how.
There is an establishment for three brigades, two based on regular infantry battalions, which would be brought up to strength
by mobilizing the Territorial Force. Air Force: 1,200; 42 combat aircraft.
1 light bomber sqn with 9 Canberra B-2 and T-4.
1 FGA sqn with 12 Hunter FGA-9.
1 FGA sqn with 9 Vampire FB-9.
1 recce sqn with 12 Provost T-52.
1 transport sqn with 4 C-47 and 1 Beech 55 Baron.
1 light transport sqn with 7 AL-60F5.
1 helicopter sqn with 8 Alouette III.
RESERVES: 10.000 Territorial Force.
All European, Asian and coloured citizens completing conscript service are assigned for parttime training to territorial units, which include
active territorial battalions based on the cities and reserve territorial battalions based on country districts.
Army Reserves; eight infantry battalions, one field artillery regiment and one engineer squadron.
Ground personnel servicing regular Air Force units are reservists or non-white civilians. Reservists called up 90 days a year. Para-Military Forces: The British South African Police (BSAP) 8,000 active, 35,000 reservists.
The white population forms only about a third of the active strength but nearly three-quarters of the Police Reserves.
SOMALI DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
Population: 3,080,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 23,050.
Estimated GNP 1972: $290 million.
Defence expenditure 1974: 100 million shillings ($15 million). $1=6.55 Somali shillings (1974), 6.93 Somali shillings (1972). Army: 20,000.
6 tank battalions.
9 mechanized infantry battalions.
2 commando battalions.
5 field artillery battalions.
5 AA artillery battalions.
About 156 T-34, 70 T-54/55 med tks; 60 BTR-40 and 250 BTR-152 APC;
about 100 76mm and 100mm guns; 122mm how; 14.5mm, 37mm and 100mm AA guns.*
(* Spares are short and not all equipment is serviceable.) Navy: 300.*
2 SO-I coastal escorts.
4 P-6 and 6 P-4 MTB (ex-Soviet). Air Force: 2,750; 31 combat aircraft. (Spares are short and not all equipment is serviceable)
1 light bomber sqn with 4 Il-28.
2 fighter sqns with 2 MiG-15, 19 MiG-17, 6 MiG-19.
1 tpt sqn with An-24, An-26.
1 hel sqn with Mi-4, Mi-8.
Other aircraft, incl 3 An-2, 4 C-47, 8 P-148. Para-Military Forces: 3,500; 500 border guards; 3,000 People's Militia.
SOUTH AFRICA
Population: 24,490,000 (4,000,000 white).
Military service: 9-12 months in Citizen Force.
Total armed forces: 15,700 regular, 31,750 conscripts.
Estimated GNP 1973: $26.9 billion.
Defence expenditure: 1974-75:,500 million rand ($750 million). $1=0.667 Rand (1974), 0.672 Rand (1973). Army: 7,000 regular, 27,500 conscripts, (Some South African troops are operating in the Caprivi Strip in Namibia (South West Africa).)
3 inf bdes, each of 1 tk, 1 inf and 1 arty bn.
100 Centurion Mark 5, 20 Comet med tks;
1,000 AML-60 and AML-90 and 50 M-3 armed cars; 50 Ferret scout cars; 250 Saracen, about 100 V-150 Commando APC;
25 pdr gun/how, 155mm how; 35mm L-70/40 and 3.7 inch AA guns.
3 batteries of 18 Cactus (Crotale) SAM.
RESERVES: 60,000 Citizen Force, in 9 territorial commands. Reservists serve 9 days a year for 9 years. Navy: 3,200 regular, 1,250 conscripts.
3 submarines.
2 destroyers with Wasp ASW helicopters.
6 ASW frigates (3 with Wasp ASW helicopters).
1 escort minesweeper (training ship).
10 coastal minesweepers.
5 seaward defence boats.
1 fleet replenishment tanker.
7 Wasp helicopters (10 more on order).
RESERVES: 9,000 trained reserves in Citizen Force (with 2 frigates and 7 minesweepers). Air Force: 5,500 regular, 3,000 conscripts; about 100 combat aircraft.
1 bbr sqn with 6 Canberra B(I) Mk 12, 3 T Mk 4.
1 lt bomber sqn with 10 Buccaneer S Mk 50.
2 fighter sqns with 32 Mirage IIIEZ and 8 IIIDZ.
1 fighter/recce sqn with 16 Mirage IIICZ, 4 IIIBZ and 4 IIIRZ.
2 MR sqns with 7 Shackleton MR3, 9 Piaggio P-166S Albatross (11 more P-166S on order).
4 tpt sqns with 7 C-130B, 9 Transall C-190Z, 23 C-47, 5 C-54, 1 Viscount 781 and 4 HS-125 Mercurius.
4 hel sqns: 2 with 20 Alouette III each; 1 with 20 SA-330 Puma; 1 with 15 SA-321L Super Frelon (1 flight of 7 Wasp naval-assigned).
(1 army-assigned lt ac sqn with Cessna 185A/D and A185E to be replaced by AM-3C.)
Trainers incl Harvard; 160 MB-326M Impala (some armed in a COIN role); Vampire FB Mk 6, Mk 9, T Mk 55; TF-86; C-47 and Alouette II/III.
(15 MB-326K on order.)
RESERVES: 3,000 Active Citizen Force.
8 sqns with 20 Impala; 100 Harvard HA, HI, T-6G (Texan); 20 Cessna 185A/D, A185E.
12 Air Commando sqns (private aircraft). Para-Military Forces: 75,000 Commandoes organized and trained as a Home Guard.
TANZANIA
Population: 14,730,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 14,600.
Estimated GNP 1973: $1.7 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: 300 million shillings ($42 million). $1=7.16 shillings (1974), 7.02 shillings (1973). Army: 13,000.*
1 tank battalion.
4 infantry battalions.
20 Chinese T-59 med, 14 T-62 lt tks; BTR-40 and -152 APC;
120mm Chinese mor; 24 ex-Soviet 76mm guns; 8 122mm how; 14.5mm AA guns. Navy: 600.
6 patrol boats (ex-Chinese Shanghai I class). Air Force: 1,000; 24 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 12 MiG-19 and 12 MiG-17 (ex-Chinese).
1 transport sqn with 10 DHC-4 and 1 An-2.
2 AB-206A and 2 Bell 47G hel.
7 Piaggio P-149D trainers. Para-Military Forces: A police marine unit.
UGANDA
Population: 11,050,000.
Military service: voluntary:
Total armed forces: 21,000.
Estimated GDP 1973: $1.8 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973-74: 350 million shillings ($49 million). $1=7.16 shillings (1974), 7.02 shillings (1973). Army: 20,000.
2 brigades each of 3 infantry battalions.
1 border guard battalion.
1 mechanized battalion.
2 parachute/commando battalions.
1 artillery regiment.
12 med tanks; 15 Ferret scout cars; BTR-152, 36 OT-64B APC; AA guns. Air Force: 1,000; 29 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 29 MiG-15 and MiG-17.
10 Magister armed trainers.
3 DC-3 tpts; 12 L-29 Delfin trainers; 10 Piper lt ac.
1 helicopter sqn with 2 AB-206 and 5 AB-205.
ZAIRE REPUBLIC
Population: 24,680,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 50,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $3.1 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 52 million zaires ($104 million). $1=0.50 zaires (1974), 0.50 zaires (1973). Army: 49,000.
1 armoured car regiment.
1 mechanized battalion.
14 infantry battalions.
7 parachute battalions.
7 Guard' battalions.
The above, together with support units, form 1 parachute division and 7 brigade groups.
100 AML armd cars; M-3 and 30 Ferret scout cars (less than half operational). Coast, River and Lake Guard: 200.
1 river boat.
1 patrol boat.
6 patrol craft. Air Force: 800; 33 combat aircraft.
1 fighter wing with 17 MB-326GB, 6 AT-6G and
10 T-28 armed trainers.
1 tpt wing with 9 C-47, 4 C-54 and 3 C-130.
1 training wing with 8 T-6 and 12 SF-260MC.
1 hel sqn with 20 Alouette II/III and 7 SA-330 Puma.
(17 Mirage V, 3 C-130H on order.) Para-Military Forces: 12,000;8 National Guard and 6 Gendarmerie battalions.
Chinese defence policy operates at the two extremes of nuclear deterrence and Peoples' War. The former aims to deter strategic attack and the latter, by mass-mobilization of the country's population, to deter or repel any conventional land invasion.
Nuclear Weapons The build-up of Chinese nuclear force continued slowly but steadily during the year. One nuclear test, of about 1 MT range, took place in June 1974, the first for a year and the sixteenth since tests started in 1964. A substantial expansion of nuclear production facilities is taking place, and the stockpile of nuclear weapons (which probably now stands at two to three hundred, both fission and fusion) could grow rapidly. A variety of delivery systems, aircraft and missiles, are available. For tactical missions there is the F-9 fighter, and for longer ranges there are some 100 Tu-16 medium bombers with a radius of action of as much as 2,000 miles, MRBM and IRBM have been deployed operationally in at least four locations at soft sites above ground, though some are reported to be in silos or caves. A multi-stage limited range ICBM with a range of perhaps 3,500 miles (sufficient to reach Moscow and most parts of Asia) has been produced and may be ready for operational deployment. A small missile force is now thought to be under the control of the Second Artillery, which appears to be the missile arm of the Peoples' Liberation Army (PLA). An ICBM capable of reaching most major targets in the United States is also being developed. Its testing at full range would require impact areas in the Indian or Pacific Oceans, and an instrumentation ship which could be used for monitoring such a test has been built. China has one G-class diesel-powered submarine with ballistic missile launching tubes, but does not appear to have missiles for it; if an SLBM is to be built, this submarine might be used as a test platform. All the present missiles are liquid-fuelled. Work has been going forward on the development of solid fuel missiles, but these are unlikely to be available for deployment before 1975.
Conventional Forces China's 3 million regular forces, the PLA, are generally equipped and trained for the environment of People's War, but increasing effort is being made to arm a proportion of the formations with modern weapons, now becoming available from the growing armament industry. Infantry units account for most of the manpower and 119 of the 156 divisions; there are only 7 armoured divisions. The naval and air elements of the PLA have only about one-seventh of the total manpower, compared with over a third for their counterparts in the Soviet Union, but their equipment, notably that of the navy, is steadily being modernized. The PLA is essentially a defensive force and lacks the facilities and logistic support for protracted large-scale military operations outside China. It is, however, gradually acquiring greater logistic capacity.
Major weapons systems in series production include the Tu-16 medium bomber, the MiG-19, MiG-21 and F-9 fighters (the last Chinese designed); type-59 medium, type-62 light, type-60 amphibious tanks and APC (the last three also being Chinese designed). R-class medium-range diesel submarines in some numbers, together with a new class of submarines, SSM destroyers and fast patrol boats are being produced for the navy. A nuclear-powered attack submarine (armed with conventional torpedoes) has been under test for two years.
Deployment and Command The PLA is organized in 11 Military Regions, but is not deployed evenly throughout them. The major concentrations are in the coastal provinces, in the Yangtse and the Yellow River basins, and in the North-East (Peking and Manchuria). Some shift of forces northward toward the Sino-Soviet frontier occurred in 1969-70, following the border incidents, and it is likely that further re-alignment in the same direction has taken place in the last two years. Despite the Laos peace agreement of February 1974, which required the withdrawal of all foreign troops within 90 days, there was no indication that Chinese construction and engineer troops, numbering 10-20,000, had been withdrawn from the northern regions of Laos.
At the end of December 1973 there was a major reshuffle of the military commanders in eight of the country's eleven military regions, including the capital. Important personalities, some of whom had been in their command for many years, were involved. The move appeared to be aimed at reducing the political power of regional military leaders; it matched continued moves to reduce administrative and party functions of the military throughout the country.
No Defence Minister has yet been designated to replace Lin Piao, but a new Air Force commander was recently appointed. The PLA still remains without a Chief-of-Staff.
Bilateral Agreements China has a 30-year Treaty of Alliance and Friendship with the Soviet Union, signed in 1950, which contains mutual defence obligations, but this may no longer be in force. There is a mutual defence agreement with North Korea, dating from 1961, and an agreement to provide free military aid. There is probably a well-defined, though unpublicized, defence commitment to North Vietnam, and certainly a long-standing agreement to give military aid. There are non-aggression pacts with Afghanistan, Burma and Cambodia (though this last does not apply to the Khmer Republic; China has given military aid to the forces supporting Prince Sihanouk against the government). Chinese military equipment and logistic support has been offered to an increasing number of countries, particularly in Africa. Major recipients of arms in recent years have been Albania, Pakistan and Tanzania.
КИТАЙ
Китайская оборонная политика базируется на двух крайностях: ядерное сдерживание и народная война. Первый направлен на сдерживание стратегического нападения, а второй на массовую мобилизацию населения страны в целях сдерживания или отражения любого наземного вторжения обычными силами.
Ядерное оружие. Наращивание ядерных сил Китая в течение года продолжалось медленно, но неуклонно. Одно ядерное испытание мощностью около 1 МТ было проведено в июне 1974 года, первое за год и шестнадцатое с начала испытаний в 1964 году. Происходит существенное расширение ядерных производственных мощностей, и запасы ядерного оружия (которых, вероятно, сейчас насчитывается от двух до трехсот, как деления, так и синтеза) могут быстро расти. Доступны различные системы доставки, самолеты и ракеты. Для тактических миссий есть истребитель F-9, а для более дальних дистанций - около 100 средних бомбардировщиков Ту-16 с радиусом действия до 2000 миль, БРСД и БРПД были развернуты оперативно, по крайней мере, в четырех местах на незащищенных площадках над землей, хотя некоторые из них, как сообщается, находятся в шахтах или пещерах. Была создана многоступенчатая МБР ограниченной дальности действия с дальностью, возможно, 3500 миль (достаточной для достижения Москвы и большинства районов Азии), которая может быть готова к оперативному развертыванию. В настоящее время считается, что небольшие ракетные силы находятся под контролем второй артиллерии, которая, как представляется, является ракетным вооружением Народно-освободительной армии (НОАК). МБР, способная достичь самых главных целей в США также разрабатывается. Для ее испытания на полную дальность потребуются районы падения в Индийском или Тихом океанах, и для мониторинга такого испытания будет построено контрольно-измерительное судно. Китай имеет одну дизельную подводную лодку типа G с пусковыми трубами для баллистических ракет, но без ракет для нее; если планируется построить ПЛБР, то эту подводную лодку можно использовать в качестве испытательной платформы. Все нынешние ракеты работают на жидком топливе. Продолжается работа по созданию ракет на твердом топливе, однако они вряд ли будут готовы к развертыванию до 1975 года.
Обычные вооруженные силы 3 миллиона регулярных сил Китая, НОАК, как правило, оснащены и обучены для условий народной войны, но все больше усилий прилагается для вооружения части формирований современным оружием, которое теперь становится доступным от растущей военной промышленности. Пехотные подразделения составляют большую часть сил 119 из 156 дивизий; всего 7 танковых дивизий. Военно-морские и воздушные силы НОАК имеют лишь одну седьмую часть общей численности личного состава по сравнению с более чем одной третью в Советском Союзе, однако их оборудование, особенно военно-морского флота, постоянно модернизируется. НОАК по существу является оборонительной силой и не располагает средствами и материально-техническим обеспечением для проведения длительных крупномасштабных военных операций за пределами Китая. Вместе с тем она постепенно наращивает свой логистический потенциал.
Основные системы вооружения серийного производства: средний бомбардировщик Ту-16, истребители МиГ-19, МиГ-21 и F-9 (последний китайский); средний танк Тип-59, легкий Тип-62, танки-амфибии Тип-60 и БТР (последние три также разрабатываются китайцами). Для Военно-морского флота выпускаются дизельные подводные лодки средней дальности типа R в некоторых количествах, а также новый класс подводных лодок, ракетные эсминцы и быстроходные патрульные катера. Атомная ударная подводная лодка (вооруженная обычными торпедами) испытывалась в течение двух лет.
Развертывание и командование НОАК организована в 11 военных регионах, но не равномерно. Основные концентрации наблюдаются в прибрежных провинциях, в бассейнах рек Янцзы и Хуанхэ, а также на северо-востоке (Пекин и Маньчжурия). Некоторое смещение сил на север в сторону китайско-советской границы произошло в 1969-70 годах, после пограничных инцидентов, и вполне вероятно, что в последние два года произошла дальнейшая перестройка в том же направлении. Несмотря на подписанное в феврале 1974 года лаосское мирное соглашение, которое требовало вывода всех иностранных войск в течение 90 дней, не было никаких признаков того, что китайские строительные и инженерные войска численностью 10-20 000 человек были выведены из северных районов Лаоса.
В конце декабря 1973 года произошли крупные кадровые перестановки военных командиров в восьми из одиннадцати военных районов страны, включая столицу. Были задействованы важные личности, некоторые из которых находились в их подчинении в течение многих лет. Этот шаг, как представляется, был направлен на сокращение политической власти региональных военных лидеров; он соответствовал продолжающимся шагам по сокращению административных и партийных функций военных по всей стране.
Ни один министр обороны еще не назначен на замену Линь Бяо, но недавно был назначен новый командующий Военно-воздушными силами. НОАК по-прежнему не имеет руководителя аппарата.
Двусторонние соглашения У Китая есть 30-летний договор о Союзе и дружбе с Советским Союзом, подписанный в 1950 году, который содержит взаимные оборонные обязательства, но он больше не действует. Есть договор о взаимной обороне с Северной Кореей, начиная с 1961 года и соглашение о предоставлении бесплатной военной помощи. Существует, вероятно, хорошо определенная, хотя и неопубликованная, оборонная поддержка Северного Вьетнама и, конечно, давнее соглашение о предоставлении военной помощи. Существуют пакты о ненападении с Афганистаном, Бирмой и Камбоджой (хотя последнее не относится к Кхмерской Республике; Китай оказал военную помощь силам, поддерживающим принца Сианука против правительства). Все большему числу стран, особенно в Африке, предлагается китайская военная техника и материально-техническая поддержка. Основными получателями оружия в последние годы были Албания, Пакистан и Танзания.
CHINA
Population: 800-900,000,000.
Military service: Army, 2-4 years; Air Force, 3-5 years; Navy, 4-6 years.
Total regular forces: 3,000,000.
GNP and defence expenditure - see note on p. 50. Strategic Forces:
IRBM: 20-30.
MRBM: about 50.
Aircraft: about 100 Tu-16 medium bombers. Army: 2,500,000.
7 armoured divisions.
119 infantry divisions.
4 cavalry divisions.
6 airborne divisions (under Air Force).
20 artillery divisions.
41 railway and construction engineer divisions.
Soviet JS-2 hy, T-34 and T-54, Chinese-produced
T-59 med, T-60 (PT-76 type) amphibious and T-62 lt tks; APC;
130mm and 152mm guns; SU-76, SU-100 and JSU-122 SP arty; RL up to 140mm;
37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm AA guns.
DEPLOYMENT:
China is divided into 11 Military Regions (MR), in turn divided into Military Districts (MD) with usually two or three Districts to a Region.
Divisions are grouped into some 36 Armies, generally of 3 infantry divisions, 3 artillery regiments and, in some cases, 3 armoured regiments.
One Army appears to be assigned to each MD but some formations are centrally controlled.
The geographical distribution of the divisions (excluding artillery) is believed to be: North and North-East China (Shenyang and Peking MR*): 50 divisions. East and South-East China (Tsinan, Nanking and Foochow MR): 25 divisions. South-Central China (Canton and Wuhan MR (Includes Hainan island.)): 20 divisions. Mid-West China (Lanchow MR): 15 divisions. West and South-West China (Sinkiang, Chengtu and Kunming MR*): 26 divisions.
(* 2-3 divs of border troops also in each of these MR.) Navy: 230,000 (including Naval Air Force and 28,000 Marines).
1 G-class submarine (with ballistic missile tubes). (China is not known to have any missiles for this boat.)
50 fleet submarines (26 Soviet R-, 21 W-class).*
6 SSM destroyers with Styx (more building).
1 ex-Soviet Gordy-class destroyer.
10 destroyer escorts (some with SSM).
15 patrol escorts.
20 submarine chasers (Soviet Kronstadt-type).
100 Osa- and Komar-type FPB with Styx SSM (more building).
27 minesweepers (20 Soviet T-43 type).
46 landing ships (ex-US).
230 MTB and hydrofoils (less than 100 tons).
315 MGB (Shanghai-, Swatow-, Whampoa-types).
225 armed motor junks and motor launches.
180 supply and miscellaneous vessels.
DEPLOYMENT: North Sea Fleet: about 150 vessels; deployed from the mouth of the Yalu river to Lienyunkang; major bases at Tsingtao and Lushun. East Sea Fleet: about 500 vessels; deployed from Lienyunkang to Chaoan Wan; major bases at Shanghai and Chou Shan. South Sea Fleet: about 200 vessels; deployed from Chaoan Wan to the North Vietnamese frontier; major bases at Huangpu and Chanchiang.
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 30,000; over 600 shore-based combat aircraft, including about
100 Il-28 torpedo-carrying and some Tu-2 light bombers and
some 500 fighters, incl MiG-17 and MiG-19/F-6 and some F-9;
Be-6 Madge MR aircraft, Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
Naval fighters are integrated into the air defence system. Air Force: 220,000 (including strategic forces and 85,000 air defence personnel); about 3,800 combat aircraft.
At least 50 Tu-16 and a few Tu-4 medium bombers.
At least 200 Il-28 and 100 Tu-2 light bombers.
Some MiG-15, about 1,700 MiG-17, at least 1,300 MiG-19, about 50 MiG-21 and up to 400 F-9 fighters.
About 400 transport aircraft and 300 helicopters, including 200 An-2, Il-14 and Il-18 transports
and Mi-4 and 10 SA-321JA Super Frelon helicopters.
(These could be supplemented by about 400 aircraft of the Civil Air Bureau.)
There is an air defence system, capable of providing a limited point defence of key urban and industrial areas, military installations and advanced
weapons complexes.
Some 3,000 naval and Air Force fighters are assigned to the AD role together with several hundred CSA-1 (SA-2) SAM and antiaircraft artillery. Para-Military Forces:
About 300,000 security and border troops (including 20 infantry-type divisions and 40 independent regiments) are stationed in the frontier areas.
In addition to a public security force, there is a civilian militia with an effective element of probably not more than 5 million organized into
divisions and regiments; some of its urban elements have some heavy AA weapons.
There are civilian production and construction corps in a number of Military Regions, including those adjoining the northern frontier.
GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT AND DEFENCE EXPENDITURE Gross National Product There are no official Chinese figures for GNP or National Income. Western estimates have varied greatly and it is difficult to choose from a wide range of figures, variously defined and calculated. For example, the Chinese Prime Minister indicated a figure of S120 billion in 1970 as the gross value of industrial, transport and agricultural production, but this is not the same as GNP, since it excludes certain services and probably includes some double-counting. A paper presented to the Joint Economic Committee of the Congress of the United States by A. G. Ashbrook, Jr. gave a GNP figure for 1971 of $128 billion in 1970 dollars. A recent estimate by W. Klatt, published in Handbook on the Far East and Australasia, has placed 1970 National Income, which is less than GNP to the extent of depreciation, at S90 billion. Both this estimate and the American paper concur on a growth rate of approximately 4-5 per cent. The application of this rate to the American figures would produce around $140 billion for 1973; in the British case it would give about $105 billion.
Defence expenditure China has not made public any budget figures since 1960, and there is no general agreement on the resources that are devoted to defence. Such estimates as there have been are only speculative. An Australian estimate suggests a range of $4-S5 billion, whilst British estimates have been in the region of $10-512 billion.
ВАЛОВОЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ И РАСХОДЫ НА ОБОРОНУ Валовой национальный продукт Официальные данные по ВНП или национальному доходу Китая отсутствуют. Западные оценки сильно варьировались, и трудно сделать выбор из широкого диапазона цифр, по-разному определенных и рассчитанных. Например, премьер-министр Китая указал, что в 1970 году валовая стоимость промышленного, транспортного и сельскохозяйственного производства составляла 120 млрд. сингапурских долларов, но это не то же самое, что ВНП, поскольку он исключает определенные услуги и, вероятно, включает в себя некоторый двойной подсчет. Документ, представленный Объединенному экономическому комитету Конгресса Соединенных Штатов Америки А. Г. Ашбруком-младшим. дал ВНП цифру за 1971 из 128 миллиардов долларов в 1970 году. По недавней оценке У. Клатта, опубликованной в "Справочнике по Дальнему Востоку и Австралазии", национальный доход 1970 года, который по объему амортизации меньше ВНП, составляет 90 млрд. И эта оценка, и американский документ совпадают по темпам роста, составляющим приблизительно 4-5%. Применение этой ставки к американским цифрам дало бы около $140 миллиардов на 1973 год; в британском случае это дало бы около $105 миллиардов.
Оборонные расходы Китай не публиковал никаких бюджетных показателей с 1960 года, и нет общего согласия в отношении ресурсов, выделяемых на оборону. Такие оценки были только умозрительными. Австралийская оценка предполагает диапазон $4-$5 млрд, в то время как британские оценки были в районе $10-512 млрд.
Bilateral Agreements The United States has bilateral defence treaties with Japan, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Republic of Korea and the Philippines. She has a number of military arrangements with other countries of the region. She provides military aid on either a grant or credit basis to Taiwan, the Khmer Republic (Cambodia), Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and South Vietnam. She sells military equipment to many countries, notably Australia, Taiwan and Japan. For grant military assistance purposes, the Khmer Republic, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan are considered forward defence areas. Laos, the Khmer Republic, Thailand and South Vietnam receive grant military aid assistance direct from the US Department of Defense budget, the only countries in the world to do so. There are military facilities agreements with Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea and the Philippines. There are major bases in the Philippines and on Guam. An expansion of naval and air facilities on Diego Garcia in the Chagos Archipelago is under consideration by the United States and Britain.
The Soviet Union has treaties of friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance with India, Bangladesh, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Military assistance agreements exist with Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and the People's Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Important Soviet military aid is also given to Afghanistan.
Australia has supplied a small amount of defence equipment to Malaysia and Singapore and is giving defence equipment and assistance to Indonesia, including the provision of training facilities.
Multilateral Agreements In1954 the United States, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and Thailand signed the South-East Asia Collective Defence Treaty, which came into force in 1955 and brought SEATO into being. The parties agreed that in the event of armed attack against any of their territories in the Treaty area, or against the territory of any state designated by a protocol to the Treaty, each state would act to meet the common danger in accordance with its constitutional processes, or consult in the event of a lesser threat. The parties also agreed to co-operate in developing their economies to promote economic progress and social well-being. The states designated by the protocol to the Treaty were Cambodia, Laos and South Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia renounced SEATO protection in 1962 and 1964 respectively, SEATO adopted a series of military contingency plans and held regular military exercises, but in recent years has turned its attention increasingly to rendering assistance to national counter-subversion programmes and to aid projects. In September 1973 the structure of the Headquarters was extensively rearranged to give effect to this policy. Pakistan left SEATO in 1973, after formally denouncing the Treaty. France ceased her financial contributions in 1974 but continues to adhere to the Treaty.
Australia, New Zealand and the United States are the members of a tripartite treaty known as ANZUS, which was signed in 1951 and is of indefinite duration. Under this treaty each agrees to 'act to meet the common danger' in the event of armed attack on either metropolitan or island territory of any one of them, or on armed forces, public vessels or aircraft in the Pacific. Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain have agreed five-power defence arrangements relating to the defence of Malaysia and Singapore. These came into effect on I November 1971 and stated that, in the event of any externally organized or supported armed attack or threat of attack against Malaysia or Singapore, the five governments would consult together for the purpose of deciding what measures should be taken, jointly or separately. Britain, Australia and New Zealand stationed land, air and naval forces in Singapore (the ANZUK force) but in 1973 Australia withdrew most of her land forces from the area. New Zealand troops are to remain, as are Australian air forces in Malaysia (part of the integrated air defence system). The future of the British contingent is now under review by Britain, and the ANZUK force arrangements are being de-activated.
ДРУГИЕ АЗИАТСКИЕ СТРАНЫ И АВСТРАЛИЯ
Двусторонние соглашения Соединенные Штаты имеют двусторонние договоры об обороне с Японией, Китайской Республикой (Тайвань), Республикой Корея и Филиппинами. Имеет ряд военных договоренностей с другими странами региона. Они предоставляют военную помощь на безвозмездной или кредитной основе Тайваню, Кхмерской Республике (Камбоджа), Индонезии, Республике Корея, Лаосу, Малайзии, Филиппинам, Таиланду и Южному Вьетнаму. Они продает военную технику во многие страны, в частности в Австралию, Тайвань и Японию. Для целей предоставления военной помощи Кхмерская Республика, Республика Корея и Тайвань считаются передовыми районами обороны. Лаос, Кхмерская Республика, Таиланд и Южный Вьетнам единственные страны мира которые получают безвозмездную военную помощь непосредственно из бюджета Министерства обороны США. Имеются соглашения о военных объектах с Австралией, Республикой Корея, Филиппинами и Японией. Основные базы находятся на Филиппинах и на Гуаме. Соединенные Штаты и Великобритания рассматривают вопрос о расширении военно-морских и воздушных объектов на острове Диего-Гарсия в Архипелаге Чагос.
Советский Союз имеет договоры о дружбе, сотрудничестве и взаимной помощи с Индией, Бангладеш, Монголией и Корейской Народно-Демократической Республикой. Существуют соглашения о военной помощи со Шри-Ланкой (Цейлон) и Народно-Демократической Республикой Вьетнам. Важная советская военная помощь оказывается и Афганистану.
Австралия поставила небольшое количество военной техники Малайзии и Сингапуру и оказывает оборонную технику и помощь Индонезии, включая предоставление учебных помещений.
Многосторонние договоры В 1954 году Соединенные Штаты, Австралия, Великобритания, Франция, Новая Зеландия, Пакистан, Филиппины и Таиланд подписали Договор о коллективной обороне в Юго-Восточной Азии, который вступил в силу в 1955 году и положил начало SEATO. Стороны согласились с тем, что в случае вооруженного нападения на любую из их территорий в договорном районе или на территорию любого государства, указанного в протоколе к Договору, каждое государство будет действовать в целях устранения общей опасности в соответствии со своими конституционными процедурами или консультироваться в случае меньшей угрозы. Стороны также договорились сотрудничать в развитии своей экономики в целях содействия экономическому прогрессу и социальному благополучию. Государствами, обозначенными протоколом к договору, были Камбоджа, Лаос и Южный Вьетнам. Лаос и Камбоджа отказались от защиты SEATO соответственно в 1962 и 1964 годах, SEATO приняла ряд военных планов на случай чрезвычайных ситуаций и провела регулярные военные учения, но в последние годы все больше внимания уделяет оказанию помощи национальным программам по борьбе с подрывной деятельностью и проектам по оказанию помощи. В сентябре 1973 года для осуществления этой политики в штаб-квартире была проведена широкая реорганизация. Пакистан покинул SEATO в 1973 году после официального денонсирования договора. Франция прекратила свои финансовые взносы в 1974 году, но продолжает придерживаться Договора.
Австралия, Новая Зеландия и Соединенные Штаты являются членами трехстороннего договора, известного как ANZUS, который был подписан в 1951 году и действует бессрочно. В соответствии с этим договором каждый из них соглашается "действовать в ответ на общую опасность" в случае вооруженного нападения на метрополию или островную территорию любого из них или на вооруженные силы, морские или воздушные суда в Тихом океане. Австралия, Малайзия, Новая Зеландия, Сингапур и Великобритания согласовали оборонные договоренности пяти держав, касающиеся обороны Малайзии и Сингапура. Они вступили в силу в ноябре 1971 года и заявили, что в случае любого организованного извне или поддерживаемого им вооруженного нападения или угрозы нападения на Малайзию или Сингапур пять правительств проведут совместные консультации с целью принятия решения о том, какие меры следует принять совместно или по отдельности. Великобритания, Австралия и Новая Зеландия разместили сухопутные, воздушные и военно-морские силы в Сингапуре (силы ANZUK), но в 1973 году Австралия вывела большую часть своих сухопутных войск из этого района. Останутся войска Новой Зеландии, а также австралийские военно-воздушные силы в Малайзии (часть интегрированной системы ПВО). Будущее британского контингента в настоящее время рассматривается Великобританией, и договоренности о силах ANZUK деактивируются.
AFGHANISTAN
Population: 18,710,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 86,500.
Estimated GNP 1972:$1.6 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973-74: 2,022 million afghanis ($45 million). $1=45.0 afghanis (1973), 45.0 afghanis (1972). Army: 78,500.
3 armoured divisions (under strength).
6 infantry divisions.
200 T-34, 250 T-54 med tks; PT-76 lt tks; 450 lt and med guns; Snapper ATGW.
RESERVES: 150,000. Air Force: 8,000; 150 combat aircraft.
3 light bomber sqns with 20 Il-28, 25 MiG-17.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with 20 Su-7.
4 fighter-bomber squadrons with 55 MiG-15/17.
3 interceptor squadrons with 30 MiG-21.
2 transport squadrons with Yak-12, An-2, Il-14.
1 helicopter squadron with Mi-1 and Mi-4.
1 AD division with 37mm, 85mm and 100mm guns.
3 SAM battalions with SA-2.
RESERVES: 12,000. Para-Military Forces: 14,000 Gendarmerie.
AUSTRALIA
Population: 13,000,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 68,851.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 57.2 billion.
Defence budget 1973-74: $A 1,346 million ($US 1,907 million). $US 1 = $A 0.673 (1974), SA 0.706 (1973). Army: 31,185.
1 infantry division HQ.
1 tank regiment.
1 cavalry regiment.
6 infantry battalions.
1 Special Air Service (SAS) regiment.
1 medium artillery regiment.
2 field artillery regiments.
1 light anti-aircraft regiment.
1 aviation regiment.
6 signals regiments.
3 field engineer regiments.
1 army survey regiment.
1 logistic support force.
143 Centurion med tks; 265 Ferret scout cars; 738 M-113 APC;
254 105mm how, including M-56 105mm pack how;
51 Sioux and Bell 206B-1 hel; 25 light aircraft; 52 watercraft.
DEPLOYMENT: Singapore: logistic unit.
RESERVES: 20,200. The Citizen Military Force of 19,700 is intended to form 24 infantry battalions with supporting arms and services;
Emergency Reserve 500. Navy: 16,115.
4 Oberon-class submarines.
1 aircraft carrier.
3 ASW destroyers with TartarSAM, Ikara ASW msls.
6 destroyer escorts with Ikara.
4 coastal minesweepers.
2 minehunters.
19 patrol boats.
2 fleet support ships.
7 landing craft.
FLEET AIR ARM:
1 fighter-bomber sqn with A-4G Skyhawk.
2 ASW sqns with S-2E Tracker and 2 HS-748.
2 ASW helicopter sqns with Wessex 31B.
1 helicopter sqn with Iroquois and Kiowa.
1 trg sqn with Aermacchi MB-326H and 2 TA-4G.
(10 Sea King ASW hel for delivery in 1975.)
RESERVES: 6,294. Navy Citizen Military Force 5,483; Emergency Reserve 811. Air Force: 21,551; 151 combat aircraft.
1 bomber squadron with 8 Canberra B-20.
1 FB squadron with 18 F-111C (6 in store).
3 interceptor/FGA squadrons with 48 Mirage IIIO (52 in store).
1 MR squadron with 9 P-3B Orion and 1 MR squadron with 10 SP-2H Neptune.
80 MB-326 and 41 CA-25 Winjeel trainers (some in store).
2 tpt sqns with 24 C-130, 1 tpt sqn with 2 BAC-111, 10 HS-748 and 3 Mystere 20 and 2 tpt sqns with 24 Caribou.
2 helicopter squadrons with Iroquois.
(12 CH-47 Chinook, 12 UH-1H on order.)
DEPLOYMENT: 2 sqns of Mirage IIIO in Malaysia/Singapore.
RESERVES: 1,215. Citizen Air Force 570; Emergency Reserve 645.
BANGLADESH
Population: 65,520,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total regular forces: 26,500.
Estimated GNP 1972: S5.3 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973-4: Taka 470 million ($US 65 million). $1=Taka 7.24 (1973), Taka 7.30 (1972). Army: 25,000.
5 inf bdes with 17 inf bns, 1 tk regt, 3 arty regts, 3 engr bns and supporting arms.
Some M-24 lt tks; 105mm guns. Navy: 500.
3 patrol boats.
1 seaward defence boat. Air Force: 1,000; 18 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 8 MiG-21.
10 F-86 Sabre.
1 DHC-4 Caribou, 1 DC-6 and 2 F-27 tpts.
2 MiG-21UTI, 1 T-33A trainers.
1 Alouette III and 2 Wessex hel. Para-Military Forces: 16,000 National Defence Force, 13,000 Bangladesh Rifles.
BURMA
Population: 30,160,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 159,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $2.6 billion.
Defence expenditure 1972-73: 545 million kyat ($101 million). $1=4.70 kyat (1973), 5.40 kyat (1972). Army: 145,000.
9 regional commands comprising approximately
80 infantry battalions.
The army as a whole consists of 2 armoured, 112 infantry, 4 artillery and 1 engineer battalions and is organized chiefly for counter-insurgency and
internal security duties.
Comet lt tks; Humber armd cars; Ferret scout cars;
25-pdr guns; 75mm, 105mm how; 120mm mor; 57mm ATk guns. Navy: 7,000 (including 800 marines).
1 frigate.
1 escort minesweeper.
3 coastal escorts.
5 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
31 river and patrol gunboats.
7 motor gunboats (less than 100 tons).
9 transports. Air Force: 7,000; 11 combat aircraft.
2 COIN sqns with 10 AT-33 and 1 Vampire.
16 C-47, 8 Otter, 1 Beech 18 and 5 C-45 tpts.
5 Sioux, 1 Huskie, 12 Alouette III and 9 Boeing Vertol 44A helicopters. Para-Military Forces: 35,000 People's Police Force.
REPUBLIC OF CHINA (TAIWAN)
Population: 16,000,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 491,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $9.4 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974-75: 29.4 billion New Taiwan dollars ($774 million). $US 1= $NT 38.0 (1974), $NT 38.0 (1973). Army: 340,000.
2 armoured divisions.
12 infantry divisions.
6 light divisions.
2 armoured cavalry regiments.
2 airborne brigades.
4 special forces groups.
1 SAM battalion with HAWK.
2 SAM bns with Nike/Hercules.
M-47 and M-48 med tks; 625 M-41 lt tks; 200 M-18 tk destroyers; LVT-4 and 155 M-113 APC;
350 75mm pack how; 625 105mm, 300 155mm guns and how; 225 105mm SP how, 90 240mm how:
115 40mm AA guns; HAWK, Nike-Hercules SAM;
50 UH-1H, 7 H-34, 2 KH-4 hel.
DEPLOYMENT: Quemoy 60,000; Matsu 20,000.
RESERVES: 750,000. Navy: 36,000.
2 submarines (training).
18 destroyers.
16 escorts (4 coastal, 12 patrol).
6 torpedo boats.
13 coastal minesweepers.
9 minesweeping boats.
21 tank landing ships.
4 medium landing ships.
22 landing craft.
RESERVES: 60,000. Marines: 35,000.
2 divisions.
RESERVES: 65,000. Air Force: 80,000; 206 combat aircraft.
6 fighter-bomber sqns with 90 F-100A/D.
2 fighter sqns with 35 F-5A/B.
3 interceptor sqns with 63 F-104G.
1 recce sqn with 8 RF-104G.
1 ASW sqn with 10 S-2A.
1 SAR sqn with 10 UH-1H and 10 HU-16A.
40 C-46, 30 C-47, 35 C-119 and 10 C-123 tpts.
125 T-28, T-33, F-5B, F-100, F-104B and PL-1 trainers.
RESERVES: 130,000. Para-Military Forces: 175,000 militia.
INDIA
Population: 588,560,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 956,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $78.6 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 19,150 million rupees ($2,443 million). $1=7.84 rupees (1974), 7.25 rupees (1973). Army: 826,000.
2 armoured divisions.
14 infantry divisions.
10 mountain divisions:
5 independent armoured brigades.
7 independent infantry brigades.
1 parachute brigade.
About 20 AA artillery units.
190 Centurion Mk 5/7, 1,000 T-54 and T-55 and some 500 Vijayanta med tks; 140 PT-76 and 100 AMX-I3 lt tks;
OT-62, OT-64 (2A) and Mk 2/4A APC;
about 3,000 guns, mostly towed and SP 25-pdr, but incl Model 56 105mm pack how,
Abbott 105mm SP and about 350 100mm and 350 130mm guns;
500 120mm mor; RL; SS-11 and ENTAC ATGW; AA guns; 40 Tigercat SAM;
60 Krishak, 15 Auster AOP-9 lt ac.
RESERVES: 180,000. Territorial Army 50,000. Navy: 30,000 (including naval air).
1 16,000-ton aircraft carrier (ex-British).
6 submarines (ex-Soviet F-class).
2 cruisers.
2 destroyers.
22 frigates (3 GP with Seacat SAM, 3 AA, 7 ASW; 9 ex-Soviet Petya-class (3 more GP building; 1 more Petya-class on order).
8 Osa-class FPB with Styx SSM.
9 patrol boats (5 ex-Soviet Poluchat-class).
9 seaward defence boats (6 less than 100 tons).
8 minesweepers (4 inshore).
3 landing ships.
3 landing craft (2 ex-Soviet Polnocny-class).
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 1,500.
33 Sea Hawk attack, 10 Alize MR ac; 6 Sea King, 14 Alouette III hel (6 Sea King on order).
(10 Sea Hawk, 5 Alize and 2 Alouette can be carried in the aircraft carrier.) Air Force: 100,000; 731 combat aircraft.
3 light bomber squadrons with 60 Canberra.
6 FGA sqns with 77 Su-7BKL.
3 fighter-bomber sqns with 50 HF-24 Marut 1A.
6 fighter-bomber squadrons with 130 Hunter F-56.
9 interceptor squadrons with 220 MiG-21FL/M with Atoll AAM.
8 interceptor squadrons with 180 Gnat F-l.
1 reconnaissance squadron with 8 Canberra PR-57.
1 MR squadron with 6 L-1049 Super Constellation.
11 tpt sqns with 45 HS-748, 50 C-47, 52 C-l 19G, 18 Il-14, 34 An-12, 30 Otter and 16 Caribou.
About 12 sqns with 80 Mi-4, 80 Alouette III, 30 Mi-8 and Sioux hel.
22 HJT-16 Kirin trainers.
20 SA-2 SAM sites.
(17 HS-748 on order.) Para-Military Forces: About 100,000, in Border Security Force (not on Defence budget).
INDONESIA
Population: 126,780,000.
Military service: selective.
Total armed forces: 270,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $14.3 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973-74: 188 billion rupiahs ($452 million). $1=415 rupiahs (1974), 415 rupiahs (1973). Army: 200,000.* (* About one-third of the army is engaged in civil and administrative duties.)
1 cavalry brigade.
15 infantry brigades.
2 airborne infantry brigades.
8 armoured battalions.
1 para commando regiment.
6 artillery regiments.
4 air defence regiments.
6 of the above brigades are in the KOSTRAD (Strategic Reserve Command).
Stuart, AMX-13 and PT-76 lt tks; Saladin armd cars; Ferret scout cars; Saracen and BTR-40 APC;
artillery includes 76mm, 105mm and 25-pdr; 20mm, 40mm and Soviet 57mm AA guns and associated radar;
Alouette III hel.
DEPLOYMENT: Egypt (UNEF), 1 battalion, 551 men. Navy: 40,000 (incl naval air and 5,000 Marines).* (* Only a very small part of the navy is operational.)
5 submarines (ex-Soviet W-class).
2 destroyers (ex-Soviet Skory-class).
1 frigates (ex-Soviet Riga-class).
18 coastal escorts (14 ex-Soviet, 4 ex-US).
9 Komar-class patrol boats with Styx SSM.
30 patrol craft.
5 fleet minesweepers (ex-Soviet T-43 class).
20 coastal minesweepers (6 ex-US).
17 MGB (ex-Soviet BK-class).
35 seaward defence boats (less than 100 tons).
4 HQ/support ships.
10 amphibious warfare vessels.
2 Marine brigades.
NAVAL AIR: 1,000.
6 C-47; 3 Alouette IIIand 4 Bell 47G hel;
(4 Nomad MR ac on order). Air Force: 30,000; 106 combat aircraft.*
(* Most of the Soviet-supplied combat aircraft have not been used for some years. Few of these aircraft can be regarded as operational.)
22 Tu-16 and 10 Il-28 bombers.
1 light bomber sqn with 2 B-26 Invader.
1 FGA sqn with 11 F-51D Mustang.
1 FGA sqn with 17 CA-27 Avon-Sabre and 17 T-33.
4 MiG-15, 8 MiG-17 and 15 MiG-21 interceptors.
70 tpts, incl 4 Il-14, 8 C-130B, 37 C-47 and Skyvan.
2 hel sqns with 12 UH-34D, 5 Bell 204B and 7 others.
Trainers include L-29, T-34 and T-41. Para-Military Forces: A police Mobile Brigade of about 12,000; about 100,000 Militia.
JAPAN
Population: 109,330,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 233,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $439.4 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 1,093 billion yen ($3,835 million). $1=285 yen(1974), 265 yen(1973). Army: 154,000.
1 mechanized division.
12 infantry divisions (7,000-9,000 men each).
1 airborne brigade.
1 mixed brigade.
1 artillery brigade.
1 signal and 5 engineer brigades.
1 helicopter brigade.
6 SAM groups (each of 4 btys) with 140 HAWK.
500 Type 61 med tks; 40 M-24 and 150 M-41 lt tks; 430 Type 60 APC;
380 M-2 105mm and 240 M-1 155mm how; M-2 155mm guns; 30 M-52 105mm and 10M-44 155mm sp how; 203mm how;
Type 30 SSM; Type 60 twin 106mm SP RCL; Type 64 ATGW; 35mm AA guns;
120 L-19, LM-1, LR-1 lt ac; 250 UH-1B, KV-107, OH-6J, Hughes TH-55J and H-13 hel.
RESERVES: 39,000. Navy: 38,100.
14 submarines (1 more to be completed 1975).
27 destroyers (1 with 3 hel and 1 ASROC [1 to be delivered 1974], 1 with Tartar SAM and 1 ASROC, 4 with 1 hel and 1 ASROC, 7 with 1 ASROC,
or 1 hel (1 more to be delivered 1974), 14 GP).
16 destroyer escorts/frigates (11 ASW, 5 GP).
20 submarine chasers.
43 MCM vessels (1 command, 1 support, 3 minelayer, 32 coastal, 6 inshore).
5 MTB (1 less than 100 tons).
4 landing ships (1 medium).
6 landing craft.
42 small landing craft (less than 100 tons).
NAVAL AIR: 110 combat aircraft.
8 MR sqns with P2V-7, P2-J, S2F-1 and PS-1.
4 sqns with 60 hel incl S-61A, KV-107A, HSS-1N and HSS-2.
RESERVES: 600. Air Force: 40,900; 385 combat aircraft.
4 FGA sqns with 120 F-86F.
10 interceptor sqns with 130 F-104J, 40 F-4E and 80 F-86F.
1 recce sqn with 15 RF-4E.
2 transport sqns with 20 C-46 and 10 YS-11.
350 T-1, T-33A, T-34A and F-104DJ trainers (T-2 on order).
1 SAR wing with 16 V-107 and 7 S-62 hel.
5 SAM groups with Nike-J.
A Base Air Defence Ground Environment with 28 control and warning units.
THE KHMER REPUBLIC (CAMBODIA)
Population: 7,380,000.
Military service: 18 months; reserve to age 35.
Total armed forces: 220,500*
(* Insurgent Forces: There are also about 50,000 insurgents in Cambodia, in a number of separate groups, some organized into regiments
and battalions. Equipment consists of Soviet/Chinese small arms, some 107mm and 122mm RL and captured American 105mm how.)
Estimated GNP 1971: $1.5 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973: 17,800 million rids ($98 million). $1=182 dels (1973), 55.5 riels (1971). Army: 200,000.
5 light infantry divisions.
1 armoured brigade.
10 infantry brigades.
1 artillery brigade.
1 parachute brigade.
KOREA: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC (NORTH)
Population: 15,510,000.
Military service: Army 5 years, Navy and Air Force 3-4 years.
Total armed forces: 467,000.
Estimated GNP 1972: $3.5 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 1,578 million won ($770 million). $1=2.05 won (1974), 2.05 won (1972). Army: 410,000.
1 motorized division.
22 infantry divisions.
3 independent infantry brigades.
7 independent armoured regiments.
20 SAM battalions with 180 SA-2.
400 T-34, 500 T-54/55 and T-59 med tks; 80 PT-76 and 50 T-62 lt tks;
200 BA-64, BTR-40, -60 and BTR-152 APC; 200 SU-76 and SU-100 sp guns;
2,600 guns up to 152mm; 1,800 RL and 2,000 mor; 12 FROG-5/7 SSM;
2,500 AA guns, incl ZSU-57; SA-2 SAM.
RESERVES: 250,000. Navy: 17,000.
4 submarines (ex-Soviet W-class).
10 Komar- and 8 Osa-class FPB with Styx SSM.
16 MGB (12 Shanghai-, 4 Swatow-class).
44 light MGB.
80 torpedo boats (40 P-4, 10 P-6-class ex-Soviet). Air Force: 40,000; 598 combat aircraft.
70 Il-28 light bombers.
28 Su-7 fighter-bombers.
300 MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighter-bombers.
130 MiG-21 and some 70 MiG-19 interceptors.
About 120 An-2 tpts.
30 Mi-4 helicopters.
70 Yak-18 and MiG-15 trainers.
RESERVES: 40,000. Para-Military Forces: 50,000 security forces and border guards;
a civilian militia of 1,260,000 with small arms and some AA artillery.
KOREA: REPUBLIC OF KOREA (SOUTH)
Population: 33,740,000.
Military service: Army and Marines 2 years, Navy and Air Force 3 years.
Total armed forces: 625,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $12.6 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 221.6 billion won (S558 million). $1=397 won (1974), 388 won (1973). Army: 560,000.
23 infantry divisions.
2 armoured brigades.
40 artillery battalions.
1 SSM battalion with Honest John.
2 SAM bns with HAWK and Nike-Hercules.
1,000 M-4, M-47, M-48 and M-60 med tks; 400 M-113 and M-577 APC;
2,000 guns up to 203mm;
Honest John SSM; HAWK and Nike-Hercules SAM.
RESERVES: 1,000,000. Navy: 20,000.
6 destroyers.
3 destroyer escorts.
15 coastal escorts.
19 patrol boats.
8 coastal minesweepers.
20 landing ships (8 tank, 12 medium).
60 amphibious craft.
RESERVES: 33,000. Marines: 20,000.
1 division.
RESERVES: 60,000. Air Force: 25,000; 210 combat aircraft.
2 fighter-bomber sqns with 30 F-4D.
5 fighter-bomber sqns with 100 F-86F.
4 fighter-bomber sqns with 70 F-5A.
1 recce sqn with 10 RF-5A.
4 tpt sqns with 40 C-46, C-54, C-123 and UH-1N.
15 hel, incl 6 UH-19, 7 UH-ID/N.
RESERVES: 35,000. Para-Military Forces: A local defence militia, Homeland Defence Reserve Force, 2,000,000.
4 M-24 and 6 PT-76 lt tks; 29 M-706 scout cars; M-113 APC; 85mm guns and 75mm, 105mm and 155mm how; mor. Navy: about 500.
4 river squadrons consisting of:
20 patrol craft; 16 landing craft/transports (all under 100 tons, about a half operational). Air Force: 2,300; 81 combat aircraft.
71 T-28A/D light attack aircraft.
10 AC-47 gunships.
Tpts incl 24 C-47, 1 Aero Commander, 5 Cessna 185.
5 T-41D trainers.
About 28 UH-34D hel. 2. PATHET-LAO FORCES Total strength about 35,000 men (incl dissident neutralists).
PT-76 lt tks; BTR-40 armd cars; 105mm how.
MALAYSIA
Population: 17,370,000.
Military service: voluntary.
Total armed forces: 66,200.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 6.7 billion.
Defence budget 1974: SM 746.1 million ($US 311 million). $US 1= $M 2.40 (1974), $M 2.37 (1973). Army: 56,100.
8 infantry brigades, consisting of:
29 infantry battalions.
3 reconnaissance regiments.
3 artillery regiments.
1 special service unit.
3 signals regiments.
engineer and administrative units.
600 Ferret scout cars; 100 Commando, 44 VTT/M-3 APC; 25-pdr and 5.5 in. guns; 60 105mm how; 35 40mm AA guns.
RESERVES: about 26,000. Navy: 4,800.
1 ASW frigate with Seacat SAM.
1 training frigate.
6 coastal minesweepers.
8 FPB (4 with SS-11/12 and 4 with Exocet SSM).
24 patrol craft (less than 100 tons).
1 landing ship.
RESERVES: 444. Air Force: 5,300; 36 combat aircraft.
2 fighter-bomber sqns with 16 CA-27 Sabre.
2 COIN sqns with 20 CL-41G Tebuan.
3 transport and I liaison sqns with 16 DHC-4A,
8 Herald 401, 5 Dove,2 Heron and 2 HS-125.
4 hel sqns with 15 S-61A and 25 Alouette III.
1 training sqn with 14 SA Bulldog102.
(14 F-5E, 2 F-5B, 16 SF-260 and 14 DHC-4 on order. 2 F-28-100 tpts to be delivered early 1975.) Para-Military Forces:Police Field Force of 13,000, with 17 bns and 40 patrol boats.
MONGOLIA
Population: 1,400,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 29,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $2.7 billion.
Defence expenditure 1974: 234 million tugrik ($70 million). $1=3.32 tugrik (1974), 3.32 tugrik (1973). Army: 28,000.
2 infantry brigades.
30 T-34 and 100 T-54/55 med tks; 10 SU-100 SP guns; 40 BTR-60 and 50 BTR-152 APC;
100mm and 130mm guns; 152mm gun/how; Snapper ATGW; 37mm and 57mm AA guns.
RESERVES: 30,000. Air Force: 1,000 men; no combat aircraft.
30 An-2, Il-14 and An-24 transports.
10 Mi-1 and Mi-4 helicopters.
Yak-11 and Yak-18 trainers.
1 SAM battalion with SA-2. Para-Military Forces: about 18,000 frontier guards and security police.
4 3.7 in. pack how; 4 4.2 in. mor, 18 120mm mor; 2 40mm AA guns.
DEPLOYMENT: Egypt (UNEF), I battalion, 571 men. Air Force: 500; no combat aircraft.
2 Skyvan 3M, 1 DC-3.
1 Alouette III hel.
NEW ZEALAND
Population: 3,026,900.
Military service: voluntary, supplemented by Territorial service of 12 weeks for the Army.
Total armed forces: 12,630.
Estimated GNP 1973: $US 10.7 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: $NZ 159 million ($US 231 million). $US 1 = $NZ 0.688 (1974), $NZ 0.754 (1973). Army: 5,553.
1 infantry battalion.
1 artillery battery.
Regular troops also form the nucleus of a combat brigade group, a logistic group and a reserve brigade group.
These units would be completed by the mobilization of Territorials.
10 M-41 it tks; 8 Ferret scout cars; 59 M-113 APC; 16 25-pdr, 10 5.5in. guns; 28 105mm how.
DEPLOYMENT: Singapore: 1 inf bn (less 1 coy).
RESERVES: 2,664 Regular, 3,018 Territorial. Navy: 2,845.
4 frigates with Seacat SAM (2 with Wasp hel).
2 escort minesweepers.
1 survey ship.
1 research ship.
14 patrol craft (11 less than 100 tons, 5 on order).
RESERVES: 2,765 Regular, 273 Territorial. Air Force: 4,232; 29 combat aircraft.
1 FB sqn with 10 A-4K Skyhawk.
1 FB sqn with 10 BAC 167 and 4 TA-4K.
1 MR sqn with 5 P-3B Orion.
4 med tpt sqns with 5 C-130H, 9 BristolFreighter,
6 Dakota and 2 Devon.
13 UH-ID/H Iroquois and 12 OH-13H Sioux hel.
19 Harvard, 14 Devon, 4 Airtourer,4 Sioux trainers.
(6 BAC-167, 13 CT-4 on order.)
DEPLOYMENT: Singapore: 1 transport squadron (2 Bristol Freighter tpts and 4 Iroquois hel).
RESERVES: 1,291 Regular, 142 Territorial.
PAKISTAN
Population: 58,760,000.
Military service: 2 years selective.
Total armed forces: 392,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $8.6 billion.
Defence budget 1974-75: 5,580 million rupees ($575 million). $1=9.70 rupees (1974), 9.77 rupees (1973). Army: 365,000 (including 25,000 Azad Kashmir troops).
2 armoured divisions.
13 infantry divisions.
2 independent armoured brigades.
1 air defence brigade.
3 sqns army aviation.
Some M-4, 300 M-47/48; 50 T-55 and 600 T-59 med tks; 140 M-24, 50 M-41 and 20 PT-76 lt tks;
350 M-U3 APC; about 900 25-pounder, 100mm, 105mm, 122mm and 155mm how and 130mm guns; 120mm mor;
Cobra ATGW; 23mm and 57mm AA guns;
Cessna O-1E lt ac; 12 Mi-8, 15 Sioux and 20 Alouette III hel.
RESERVES: 500,000. Navy: 10,000.
3 submarines (French Daphne-class).
1 light cruiser/training ship.
4 destroyers.
2 frigates (2 more on order).
7 coastal minesweepers.
9 patrol boats (6 Chinese Shanghai-class).
2 UH-19 SAR hel (6 Sea King on order).
RESERVES: 5,000. Air Force: 17,000; 283 combat aircraft.
1 light bomber squadron with 10 B-57B.
2 fighter-interceptor sqns with 21 Mirage IIIEP.
1 fighter-bomber squadron with 28 Mirage V.
5 fighter-bomber/interceptor sqns with 75 F-86.
7 FGA sqns with 140 MiG-19/F6.
1 recce squadron with 4 RT-33A, 2 RB-57 and 3 Mirage IIIRP.
Transports include 6 C-130B, 1 Falcon 20 and 1 F-27.
6 HH-43B, 2 Alouette III and 2 UH-19 hel.
RESERVES: 8,000. Para-Military Forces: 40,000. Civil Armed Forces, 30,000; National Guard, about 10,000.
20 M-24 and 175 M-41 lt tks; about 200 M-113 APC; 130 105mm and 12 155mm how;
3 Jet Ranger, 11 UH-1H, 4 CH-47 and 17 OH-13 hel.
RESERVES: 200,000. Navy: 23,500 (including 9,000 marines).
7 frigates (1 with Seacat SAM, 1 on order).
14 patrol vessels.
1 escort minesweeper.
4 coastal minesweepers.
2 coastal minelayers.
24 gunboats.
38 patrol boats.
7 landing ships (3 med, 1 support).
8 landing craft.
1 MR sqn with 10 S-2F, 2 HU-16B and 3 C-47. Air Force: 42,000; 105 combat aircraft.
1 fighter-bomber sqn with 11 F-5A.
10 COIN sqns with 30 AT-28D, 19 AT-6, 16 OV-10,
11 AU-23A Peacemaker and 16 A-37.
2 RT-33A reconnaissance aircraft.
3 tpt sqns with 25 C-47 and 21 C-123B.
3 hel sqns with 30 CH-34C and 22 UH-1H.
4 battalions of airfield defence troops.
(30 A-4B, 30 F-5E, 17 A-1, 22 SF-260, 1 HS-748, 24 CT-4, 16 FH-1100, 25 Bell UH-1H on order.) Para-Military Forces: 49,000 Volunteer Defence Corps; 14,000 Border Police with 54 hel.
VIETNAM--DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (NORTH)
Population: 23,070,000.
Military service: 2 years minimum.
Total armed forces: 583,000.
Estimated GNP 1972: $1.8 billion.
Estimated defence expenditure 1970: 2,150 million dong ($584 million). $1=3.60 dong (1972), 3.68 dong (1970). Army: 570,000.
18 infantry divisions* plus 2 training divisions. (*Inf divs normally total about 10,000 men, incl 3 inf regts, 1 arty regt and support elements.)
1 artillery division (of 10 regiments).
4 armoured regiments.
About 20 independent infantry regiments.
15 SAM regiments (each with 18 SA-2 launchers).
24 AA artillery regiments.
900 T-34, T-54 and T-59 med tks; PT-76 and Type 60 lt tks; BTR-40 APC;
SU-76 and JSU-122 SP guns; 76mm, 800 122mm and 175 130mm guns; 122mm and 152mm how;
57mm, 75mm, 82mm and 107mm RCL; 82mm, 100mm, 107mm, 120mm and 160mm mor;
107mm, 122mm and 140mm RL; Sagger ATGW;
8,000 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, 85mm and 100mm AA guns and ZSU-57-2 SP AA guns; SA-2, SA-3 and SA-7 SAM.
DEPLOYMENT: 210,000 in South Vietnam and Laos and Cambodia border areas, and 10,000 in Cambodia. Navy: 3,000.
3 coastal escorts.
28 MGB (Shanghai/Swatow-class).
18 MTB (6 Chinese P-6, 12 Soviet P-4).
About 30 small patrol boats (less than 100 tons).
Some 20 landing craft.
Some armed junks and small craft.
10 Mi-4 SAR helicopters. Air Force: 10,000; 203 combat aircraft.
1 light bomber sqn with 8 Il-28.
4 interceptor sqns with 60 MiG-21F/PF with Atoll AAM.
2 interceptor sqns with 30 MiG-19 (ex-Chinese).
6 fighter-bomber sqns with 105 MiG-15/17.
20 An-2, 4 An-24, 12 Il-14 and 20 Li-2 transports.
12 Mi-4 and 8 Mi-6 helicopters.
About 50 training aircraft. Para-Military Forces: 20,000 Frontier, Coast Security and People's Armed Security Forces;
Armed Militia of about 1,500,000.
600 M-48 med and M-41 lt tks; 1,000 M-U3 APC; 400 Commando armd cars;
1,200 105mm and 300 155mm how (some SP); 175 175mm SP guns; 57mm and 106mm RCL; TOW ATGW; 4.2 inch mor; AA guns. Navy: 40,000. 9 frigates (2 radar picket).
8 patrol vessels.
46 patrol gunboats.
7 coastal minesweepers.
21 landing ships (6 tk, 6 med, 4 gun and 5 inf).
19 landing craft, utility.
800 riverine craft: patrol boats, monitors (105mm how), armoured troop carriers, minesweepers and support ships.
250 diesel junks and small patrol boats. Marines: 15,000.
1 division. Air Force: 60,000; 509 combat aircraft.
4 FGA sqns with 72 F-5A (plus 36 in storage; 68 F-5E on order).
11 FB sqns with 220 A-37B (plus 8 in storage).
3 FB sqns with 60 A-1H/J.
2 recce sqns with 30 EC-47, 10 RC-47, 10 RC-119 and 7 RF-5A.
1 gunship sqn with 16 AC-47.
2 gunship sqns with 40 AC-119G/K.
3 tpt sqns with 10 C-47 and 32 C-130E.
10 lt tpt sqns with 53 C-7, 10 U-6A and 80 U-17A/B.
8 lt observation sqns with 220 O-l and O-2A.
18 hel sqns with 625 Bell UH-1 and 60 CH-47.
Training aircraft include 24 T-37 and 24 T-41. Para-Military Forces:
Regional Forces-325,000; about 350 rifle bns on province security duties.
Popular Forces-200,000; about 7,500 platoons, with light arms; district security force.
People's Self Defence Force- 1,400,000; part-time village militia.
Police Field Force-15,000, including internal security
* The strength of the People's Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) in South Vietnam is estimated at 30,000 regulars and 30,000 guerillas.
Treaties and Agreements In March and April 1945 the Act of Chapultepec was signed by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. This Act declared that any attack upon a member party would be considered an attack upon all, and provided for the collective use of armed force to prevent or repel such aggression.
In September 1947 all the parties to the Chapultepec Act-except Ecuador and Nicaragua - signed the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, otherwise known as the Treaty of Rio (Cuba withdrew from the Treaty in March 1960). This Treaty constrained signatories to the peaceful settlement of disputes between themselves and provided for collective self-defence should any member party be subject to external attack.
The Charter of the Organization of American States (OAS), drawn up in 1948, embraced declarations based upon the Treaty of Rio. The member parties - the signatories to the Act of Chapultepec plus Barbados, El Salvador, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago - are bound to peaceful settlement of internal disputes, and to collective action in the event of external attack upon one or more signatory states.*
(* Legally, Cuba is a member of the OAS but has been excluded - by a decision of OAS Foreign Ministers - since January 1962. Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago signed the Charter in 1967.)
The United States is also a party to two multilateral defence treaties: the Act of Havana, 1940, signed by representatives of all the then 21 American Republics, which provides for the collective trusteeship by American nations of European colonies and possessions in the Americas should any attempt be made to transfer the sovereignty of these colonies from one non-American power to another; and the Havana Convention, which corresponds with the Act of Havana, signed in 1940 by the same states, with the exception of Bolivia, Chile, Cuba and Uruguay.
A Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (The Tlatelolco Treaty) was signed in February 1967 by 22 Latin American countries; 20 countries have now ratified it (Argentina and Chile have signed but not ratified). Britain and the Netherlands have ratified it for the territories within the Treaty area for which they are internationally responsible. The United States, France and China have signed Protocol II to the Treaty (an undertaking not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against the parties to the Treaty). An Agency has been set up by the contracting parties to ensure compliance with the Treaty.
Other Agreements In July 1965, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua agreed to form a military bloc for the co-ordination of all resistance against possible Communist aggression.
The United States has bilateral military assistance agreements with Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. She also has a bilateral agreement with Cuba, for jurisdiction and control over Guantanamo Bay.*
(*This agreement was confirmed in 1934. In 1960 the United States stated that it could be modified or abrogated only by agreement between the parties, and that she had no intention of agreeing to modification or abrogation.)
The Soviet Union has no defence agreements with any of the states in this area, although in recent years she has supplied military equipment to Cuba.
Britain assures the defence of Belize, France of French Guiana and the Netherlands of Surinam (Dutch Guiana).
Латинская Америка
Договоры и соглашения В марте и апреле 1945 года Акт Чапультепека был подписан Аргентиной, Боливией, Бразилией, Венесуэлой, Гватемалой, Гаити, Гондурасом, Доминиканской Республикой, Колумбией, Коста-Рикой, Кубой, Мексикой, Никарагуа, Панамой, Парагваем, Перу, Соединенными Штатами, Уругваем, Чили и Эквадором. В этом договоре было заявлено, что любое нападение на сторону-член будет считаться нападением на всех, и предусматривалось коллективное применение вооруженной силы для предотвращения или отражения такой агрессии.
В сентябре 1947 года все участники закона Чапультепека, за исключением Никарагуа и Эквадора, подписали Межамериканский договор о взаимной помощи, известный также как Рио-де -Жанейрский договор (Куба вышла из договора в марте 1960 года). Этот договор сдерживал стороны, подписавшие его, в мирном урегулировании споров между собой и предусматривал коллективную самооборону, если какая-либо из сторон-членов подвергается внешнему нападению.
Устав Организации Американских Государств (ОАГ), составленный в 1948 году, приняли заявления, на основании договора от Рио. Страны-члены, подписавшие договор Чапультепеке плюс Барбадос, Сальвадор, Ямайка и Тринидад и Тобаго - обязаны мирно разрешать внутренние споры и принимать эффективные меры в случае внешнего нападения на одно или несколько подписавших его государств.*
(*Юридически Куба является членом ОАГ, но была исключена - по решению министров иностранных дел ОАГ - с января 1962 года. Барбадос и Тринидад и Тобаго подписали Хартию в 1967 году.)
США также является участником двух многосторонних оборонных договоров: акт в Гаване, 1940, подписанный представителями всех 21 Американских республик, который предусматривает коллективную опеку американских народов европейских колоний и владений в Америке от любой попытки передачи суверенитета этих колоний от одного неамериканского государства другому; и Гаванскую Конвенции, которой соответствует акт Гаване, подписанный в 1940-х годах в тех же Штатах, за исключением Боливии, Чили, Куба и Уругвай.
Договор о запрещении ядерного оружия в Латинской Америке (договор Тлателолко) был подписан в феврале 1967 года 22 латиноамериканскими странами; в настоящее время его ратифицировали 20 стран (Аргентина и Чили подписали, но не ратифицировали). Великобритания и Нидерланды ратифицировали его в отношении территорий, входящих в договорную зону, за которые они несут международную ответственность. США, Франция и Китай подписали протокол II к Договору (обязательство не применять и не угрожать применением ядерного оружия против участников Договора). Договаривающиеся стороны создали агентство для обеспечения соблюдения Договора.
Другие договоры В июле 1965 года Гватемала, Гондурас, Никарагуа, Сальвадор и Сальвадор договорились сформировать военный блок для координации сопротивления возможной коммунистической агрессии.
Соединенные Штаты имеют двусторонние соглашения об оказании военной помощи с Аргентиной, Боливией, Бразилией, Венесуэлой, Гватемалой, Гондурасом, Доминиканской Республикой, Колумбией, Мексикой, Никарагуа, Панамой, Парагваем, Перу, Сальвадором, Уругваем и Чили. Они также заключила двустороннее соглашение с Кубой о юрисдикции и контроле над заливом Гуантанамо.*
(*Это соглашение было подтверждено в 1934 году. В 1960 году Соединенные Штаты заявили, что оно может быть изменено или аннулирована только по соглашению между сторонами и что она не намерена соглашаться на изменение или аннулирование.)
Советский Союз не имеет оборонных соглашений ни с одним из государств в этой области, хотя в последние годы она поставляла военную технику Кубе.
Великобритания обеспечивает оборону Белиза, Франция - Французской Гвианы и Нидерланды Суринама (голландская Гвиана).
ARGENTINA
Population: 24,640,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 1 year; Navy, 14 months.
Total armed forces: 135,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $71.8 billion.* (* High inflation has not Deen matched by exchange rate movements, thus giving a large increase in $ GNP.)
Defence budget 1974: 6.39 billion pesos ($1,286 million). $1=4.97 pesos (1974), 4.99 pesos (1973). Army: 85,000.
2 mechanized brigades.
2 motorized infantry brigades.
3 infantry brigades.
2 mountain infantry brigades.
1 airborne brigade.
2 air defence regiments.
Aviation battalions.
120 M-4 Sherman med tks; 120 AMX-13, some M-41 Bulldog lt tks; 250 M-113, some AMX, Mowag, M-3 and M-16 APC;
200 105mm and 155mm guns; 105mm pack how, 155mm how and 24 French Mk F3 and US M-7 155mm SP how;
120mm mor; 75mm, 90mm, 105mm RCL; AS-11/12, Cobra ATGW;
30mm, 40mm AA guns, Tigercat SAM;
3 DHC-6 Twin Otter; 7 Bell UH-7H and 7 FH-1100 hel.
RESERVES: 250,000; 200,000 National Guard and 50,000 Territorial Guard. Navy: 33,000 (incl Naval Air Force and Marines).
6 submarines (2 in reserve).
1 aircraft carrier.
3 cruisers.
11 destroyers (2 more under construction).
5 escorts (2 for river service).
6 coastal minesweepers/minehunters.
2 fast patrol boats.
11 patrol vessels (3 coastal).
5 landing ships (I more under construction).
33 landing craft (4 LCT).
(Gabriel SSM on order.)
NAVAL AIR FORCE: 3,000; 40 combat aircraft.
1 FB sqn with 16 A-4Q Skyhawk.
1 FB sqn with 8 MB-326GB and 4 AT-28.
6 S-2A Tracker, 3 P-2H Neptune MR aircraft.
3 HU-16B Albatross SAR aircraft.
1 hel sqn with 9 Alouette III, 4 Sea King ASW/SAR.
2 tpt sqns with 8 C-47, 3 C-54, 3 L-188 and 5 Skyvan.
32 T-28 Fennec, 12 T-6 trainers.
Some Beech B-80 (Queen Air), C-45; 1 HS-125, PC-6 and 8 DHC-6GP ac; 5 S-55, 6 Bell 47 hel
(2 Westland Sea Lynx on order)
MARINES: 4,800.
4 marine battalions.
1 field artillery battalion.
1 air defence battalion.
20 LVTP-7 and 15 LARC-5 APC; 105mm, 155mm how; RCL; Bantam ATGW; 30mm AA guns, Tigercat SAM. Air Force: 17,000; 132 combat aircraft.
1 bbr sqn with 9 B-62 and 2 Canberra T.Mk 64.
2 FB sqns with 47 A-4P Skyhawk.
1 fighter sqn with 12Mirage IIIE and IIIB.
3 FGA sqns with 20 F-86F Sabre, 30 MS-760A Paris I.
1 recce sqn with 12 IA-35IV Huanquero.
60 T-34 trainers.
5 tpt sqns with 5 C-130E, 5 DHC-6 Twin Otter, 11 F-27 Mk 400/600, 10 C-47, 6C-45 and 4 DC-6 med tpts;
20 Dove, 24 Dinfia Cnarani II, 14 Aero Commander, Beaver and Huanquero lt tpts.
1 hel sqn with 14 Hughes 500M; 6 Bell UH-1H:
4 UH-1D; 6 UH-19 and 4 Bell 47 hel.
(F-5E, 8 MB-326GB, 50 IA-58 Pucara, 120 Hughes OH-6A on order.) Para-Military Forces: 19,000.
Gendarmerie: 11,000 men, 10 hel, under Army command, mainly for frontier duties;
National Maritime Prefecture: 8,000, 1 frigate, 8 hel, 5 Skyvan, subordinate to the Navy, performs coastguard duties.
VM-706 and M-l 13 APC; light mor; 20 105mm how and 25 75mm pack how. Navy: Some lake patrol craft. Air Force: 6,000; 61 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 12 T-33 and 3 F-86.
1 fighter sqn with 10 F-51D Mustang.
1 COIN sqn with 12 AT-6G and 6 T-28A.
1 COIN sqn with 18 AT-26 Xavante.
18 C-47, 1 C-54 and 5 CV-440 transports.
3 Cessna 172, 6 PT-19, 8 Fokker T-21 and 14 U-17A communications aircraft.
13 T-33A, 20 T-6 and 4 T-28 trainers.
12 Hughes 500M and 3 Hiller OH-23C/D hel. Para-Military Forces: About 5,000 armed police and frontier guards.
BRAZIL
Population: 104,670,000.
Military service: 1 year.
Total armed forces: 208,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $63.3 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 8.193 billion cruzeiros ($1,207 million). $1=6.79 cruzeiros (1974), 6.05 cruzeiros (1973). Army: 130,000.* (* The Army is re-organizing. The data given must be regarded as interim.)
7 divs, each with up to 4 armd, mech or mot inf bdes.
2 independent infantry brigades.
Some light 'jungle' infantry brigades.
1 parachute brigade.
150 M-4 and 40 M-47 Patton med tks; M-3A1 Stuart and 200 M-41 lt tks;
M-3A1 White, M-4, M-8, 120 EE-9 Cascavel, EE-11 Urutu AFV; M-113 and M-59 APC;
75mm, 105mm, 155mm how; 105mm SP how; 40mm, 90mm AA guns; HAWK SAM (4 Roland SAM on order). Navy: 43,000 (including Naval Air Force, Marines and Auxiliary Corps).
7 submarines (2 more on order).
1 ASW aircraft carrier.
1 cruiser.
21 destroyers (1 with Seacat SAM).
3 destroyer escorts.
6 fast patrol boats.
10 corvettes (rescue ships).
6 coastal minesweepers.
7 gunboats.
5 river patrol ships (1 monitor).
2 LST.
(6 frigates on order; 2 with twin Exocet SSM, 4 with Ikara ASW.)
NAVAL AIR FORCE:
3 SH-3D, 4 SH-1-5-58 (S-58), 3 UH-2 (Wasp), 4 UH-4 (Hiller FH-1100), 5 UH-5 (Whirlwind),
10 IH-2A (Hughes 200) and 1 IH-2B (Hughes 300). (18 Bell 206B on order.) Air Force: 35,000; 230 combat aircraft.
1 lt bomber sqn with 12 B-26K Invader.
1 interceptor sqn with 12 Mirage IIIEBR, 4 DBR.
6 COIN sqns with 20 AT-33A, 25 AT-37C, 100 AT-26 Xavante (operate with Army).
13 Tracker, 12 Neptune, 15 Albatross, 8 PBY-5 Catalina and 9 RC-130E Hercules MR aircraft.
110 L-42 Regente and 15 L-6 Paulisiinha observation/liaison aircraft (with Army).
About 180 transports, incl 55 C-47, 4 C-118, 12 C-119F, 10 C-130E, 11 HS-125, 12 HS-748, 2 BAC-111, 24 DHC-5 and 5 Pilatus Porter.
(C-45 and C-47 being replaced by 80 C-95 Bandeirante; 12 Fokker F27/F28 and 6 HS-748 on order.)
90 T-23 Uirapuru,50 T-25 Universal, 63 Cessna T-37C, 7 Magister and 50 Fokker S-11/12 trainers. 60 Bell 47, 42 UH-1D/H, 11 Bell 206A hel.
(36 F-5E, 6 F-5B and 30 Gazelle hel on order.) Para-Military Forces: Various public security forces total about 150,000. There are State militias in addition.
CHILE
Population: 10,430,000.
Military service: 1 year.
Total armed forces: 60,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $18.3 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 159.7 billion escudos ($213 million). $1=750 escudos (1974), 46.0 escudos (1973). Army: 32,000.
5 divisions, incl 6 cav regts (2 armd, 3 horsed, 1 helborne), 16 inf regts (incl 10 mot), 5 arty regts, some AA and support dets.
76 M-4 med tks: 10 M-3 and 60 M-41 lt tks; some Mowag MR-8 APC;
105mm how, Model 56 105mm pack how; 106mm RCL; AA arty. (Armd cars and mor on order.)
RESERVES: 160,000. Navy: 18,000.
2 submarines (2 Oberon-class on order).
3 cruisers (2 ex-US Brooklyn-class).
6 destroyers.
1 Leander-class frigate (1 on order).
3 destroyer escorts (ex-US APD transport).
4 motor torpedo boats.
6 patrol vessels.
6 landing ships/craft.
5 C-45 and 3 C-47 tpts; 4 Jet Ranger hel
t High inflation has not been matched by exchange rate movements, thus giving a large increase in $ GNP. Air Force: 10,000; 50 combat aircraft.
1 lt bomber sqn with 10 B-26.
2 fighter sqns with 32 Hunter F-7I.
1 MR sqn with 5 HU-16C and 3 PBY-5ACatalina.
1 SAR sqn with 4 UH-I9, 2 UH-1D hel.
About 70 tpts, incl 10 C-45, 8 DHC-6, 9 Beechcraft 99A, 10 C-47, 4 C-l 18, 6 DC-6B and 2 C-130E.
5 Twin Bonanza, 4 Cessna 180, 4 Cessna 0-1 and 5 T-6 liaison aircraft.
45 T-34, 10 T-37B, 8 T-33A, 11 Vampire T-22/55 and 10 F-80C trainers. 30 hel incl 7 Bell OH-13H, 2 Sikorsky UH-19, 16 Hiller OH-23G and 4 Bell UH-1D/H (9 hel on order). Para-Military Forces: 30,000 Carabineros.
9 M-4 med tks; APC; 75mm and 105mm how. Navy: 1,900 (including marines).
1 support ship (LSM) with 2 UH-13 hel.
2 river gunboats.
3 patrol boats (ex-Argentinian minesweepers).
2 patrol launches.
3 river patrol boats. Air Force: 2,000; 10 combat aircraft.
About 20 trainers incl 10 T-6 (some fitted for bombs), PT-17 and MS-760.
Tpts incl 10 C-47, 2 C-54, 3 C-45, 1 DHC-6.
20 hel, incl 6 Bell 47C, 3 Hiller UH-12E, 4 L-4.
(20 T-23 Uirapuni trainers on order.) Para-Military Forces: 8,500 security forces.
PERU
Population: 15,370,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 54,000.
Estimated GNP 1973: $8.2 billion.
Defence budget 1974: 9,932 million soles ($226 million).* $1=44.0 soles (1974), 42.4 soles (1973).
* Peru now uses a biennial defence budget system.
This estimate represents the 1974 portion of a total 20,125 million soles budget for 1Jan 1972-31 Dec. 1974. Army: 39,000.
1 armoured brigade ('division').
7 infantry brigades ('divisions').
1 para-commando brigade ('airborne division').
1 jungle brigade ('division').
Artillery and engineer battalions.
3 S-2A maritime patrol aircraft. 2 Bell 47G and 4 OH-23 helicopters. Air Force: 2,000; 12 combat aircraft.
1 fighter sqn with 6 F-80C.
About 30 trainers incl 20 T-6 and 6 armed AT-33A.
Tpt ac incl 13 C-47, 1 DHC-2, 2 Queen Air, 8 U-17, 5 C-45 and 4 F-27.
2 Bell UH-1H and 2 Hiller UH-12 hel. Para-Military Forces: 22,000.
VENEZUELA
Population: 11,730,000.
Military service: 2 years.
Total armed forces: 39,500. ,
Estimated GNP 1973: $16.2 billion.
Defence expenditure 1973: 1,450 million bolivares ($337 million). $1=4.27 bolivares (1974), 4.30 bolivares (1973). Army: 24,000.
1 armoured brigade.
1 cavalry regiment. being reorganized
1 tank battalion group. J
11 infantry battalions.
13 ranger battalions.
6 artillery groups.
5 engineer and anti-aircraft battalions.
16 AMX-30 med tks; 15 AMX-13 lt tks; M-18 tank destroyers; some M-8 and Shorland armd cars
(142 AMX-30, 20 AMX-155 sp guns on order). Navy: 7,500 (including 4,000 marines).
2 submarines (2 on order).
4 destroyers.
6 destroyer escorts.
10 patrol craft.
1 FPB (5 on order, for end-1974,3 with Otomat SSM).
5 landing ships.
(Albatros SAM on order.) Air Force: 8,000; about 100 combat aircraft.
1 bomber sqn with 26 B-2 Canberra.
1 lt bbr sqn with 15 B-25 (being replaced by 16 OV-10E COIN ac).
1 fighter sqn with 20 CF-5A/D (F-5E on order).
2 fighter sqns with F-86K (1 being re-equipped with 13 Mirage IIIEV).
4 HU-16 SAR and 2 Canberra recce ac.
2 tpt sqns with 47 tpt ac incl 12 C-47, 13 C-123B, 4 C-130H and 1 HS-748.
Trainers incl 2 Mirage, 20 T-34, 12 T-52 Jet Provost.
Hel. incl 20 Alouette III and 16 UH-1B/D/M, 4 UH-19. Para-Military Forces: The National Guard, a volunteer force with a total strength of 10,000, employed chiefly on internal security duties.
a. ICBM = inter-continental ballistic missile (range 4,000+ miles);
IRBM = intermediate-range ballistic missile (range 1,500-4,000 miles);
MRBM = medium-range ballistic missile (range 500-1,500 miles);
SRBM = short-range ballistic missile (range under 500 miles);
SLBM = submarine-launched ballistic missile.
Long-range cruise missile --range over 250 miles.
b. Operational range depends upon the payload carried; use of maximum payload may reduce missile range by up to 25 per cent.
c. MT= megaton = million tons of TNT equivalent (MT range = 1 MT or over);
KT = kiloton = thousand tons of TNT equivalent (MT range = less than 1 MT);
figures given are estimated maxima.
d. Numerical designations of Soviet missiles (e.g. SS-7) are of US origin; names (e.g., Saddler) are of NATO origin.
e. SS-9 missiles exist in four modes: single 20 MT warhead; single 25 MT warhead;
test vehicle (not deployed) for depressed trajectory ICBM (DICBM) or fractional orbit bombardment systems (FOBS); 3 MRV of 4-5 MT each.
f. There are also 25 silos under construction, possibly to receive the SSX-18, an ICBM of the SS-9 class fitted with 5-8 MIRV in the MT range or a single large warhead in the 25 MT range.
g. There are other, smaller, silos under construction which are expected to receive either SSX-16 missiles, a follow-on to the solid-fuel SS-13, or SSX-17 or -19 ICBM, follow-ons to the liquid-fuel SS-11.
h. A version of the SS-11 with three re-entry vehicles may be replacing some of the single warhead versions in the SS-11 force.
i. Including 100 deployed within IRBM/MRBM fields.
j. A mobile IRBM (SS-XZ Scrooge) has been displayed and tested but is not known to be deployed operationally.
k. A mobile missile (SS-14 Scapegoat), apparently with MRBM range, has been displayed and tested but is not known to be deployed operationally.
l. Dual capable (i.e., capable of delivering conventional or nuclear warheads).
m. To be replaced by Lance.
n. Poseidon can carry up to 14 RV over a reduced range.
o. SS-N-6 has been tested with 3 MRV but is not known to be deployed in this form.
p. All aircraft listed are dual-capable and many, especially in the categories of strike aircraft, would be more likely to carry conventional than nuclear weapons.
q. Long-range bomber = maximum range over 6,000 miles;
medium-range bomber = maximum range 3,500-6,000 miles, primarily designed for bombing missions.
r. Theoretical maximum range, with internal fuel only, at optimum altitude and speed. Ranges for strike aircraft assume no weapons load. Especially in the case of strike aircraft, therefore, range falls sharply for flights at lower altitude, at higher speed or with full weapons load (e.g., the combat radius of A-7 at operational height and speed, with typical weapons load, is approximately 620 miles).
s. Mach 1 (M = 1.0 = speed of sound).
t. Names of Soviet aircraft (e.g., Bear) are of NATO origin.
u. Including 40 B-52 aircraft in active storage.
v. Excluding approximately 50 Mya-4 aircraft configured as tankers.
w. Including approximately 300 Tu-16 aircraft in the Naval Air Force, configured for attacks on shipping, which could, in theory, deliver nuclear weapons.
z. These aircraft are nuclear-capable but may not necessarily have a nuclear role
a. IRBM = intermediate-range ballistic missile (range 1,500-4,000 miles);
SRBM = short-range ballistic missile (range under 500 miles); SLBM = submarine-launched ballistic missile.
b. All NATO vehicles are of American origin, with the exception of the SSBS IRBM and the MSBS SLBM, which are of French origin.
e. BR = Britain, FR=France, GE = West Germany.
d. Operational range depends upon the payload carried; use of maximum payload may reduce missile range by up to 25 per cent.
e. KT = kiloton = thousand tons of TNT equivalent (KT range = less than 1 MT); figures given are estimated maxima.
f. All Warsaw Pact vehicles are of Soviet origin. Numerical designations (e.g., SS-lb) are of American origin, names (Scud A, FROG) of NATO origin.
g. These SRBM are operated by West Germany but the nuclear warheads for them are in American custody. Sergeant is dual-capable (i.e., capable of delivering conventional or nuclear weapons).
h. These dual-capable systems are operated by the countries shown but nuclear warheads for them are in Soviet custody.
i. Honest John is dual-capable and is operated by Belgium, Britain, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey, but with the nuclear warheads held in American custody. In the case of Denmark, there are no nuclear warheads held on Danish soil. France also has Honest John but the nuclear warheads for it were withdrawn in 1966 and its nuclear role has been taken over by the Pluton, which has a French nuclear warhead.
j. The 203mm how is dual-capable and is operated jjy Belgium, Britain, Denmark, West Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Turkey but any nuclear warheads for it are in American custody.
k. The 155mm how is primarily a conventional artillery weapon but is dual-capable. It is operated by Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Turkey but in very few cases is it likely to have a nuclear role, certainly not in the case of Canada. Any nuclear warheads would be in American custody, none of them being held on either Danish or Norwegian soil.
a. All aircraft listed are dual-capable and many would be more likely to carry conventional than nuclear weapons.
b. Medium-range bomber = maximum range 3,500-6,000 miles, primarily designed for bombing missions.
c. Vulcanand Buccaneer are of British origin ; F-104 and F-4 are of American origin; Mirage is of French origin; Jaguar is Anglo-French.
d. BR = Britain, FR = France, GE = West Germany, CZ -- Czechoslovakia, HU = Hungary, PO=Poland, RU = Rumania.
e. Theoretical maximum range, with internal fuel only, at optimum altitude and speed. Ranges for strike aircraft assume no weapons load. Especially in the case of strike aircraft, therefore, range falls sharply for flights at lower altitude, at higher speed or with full weapons load (e.g., combat radius of F-104, at operational height and speed, with typical weapons load, is approximately 420 miles).
f. Mach 1 (M = 1.0 = speed of sound).
g. Warsaw Pact aircraft of Soviet origin; names (e.g.. Beagle) of NATO origin.
h. The dual-capable F-104 is operated by Belgium, Canada, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and Turkey, but the Canadian aircraft no longer have a nuclear role. The warheads of these aircraft are held in American custody.
i. Nuclear warheads for these dual-capable aircraft are held in Soviet custody.
j.The absence of figures here reflects the uncertainty as to how many of these nuclear-capable aircraft actually have a nuclear role.
k. A number of strike aircraft, such as the A-4 and Mirage III, may also be capable of carrying tactical weapons.
a. GNP figures are given for 1971,since this is the latest year in which there is wide coverage of official standardized statistics, permitting comparison of the size of national economies.
b. Percentages calculated in local currency. Where official GNP figures are not available estimates have been made.
c. The dollar figures have been converted from rouble estimates at the 1973 official rate of 0.72 roubles=$I. The conversion at this constant rate has been made simply to show a trend (see Readers' Notes, pp. vi-vii).
d. The 1974 budget has been calculated on a slightly different basis from previous yean.
e. Nine month figure only.
f. Including provisions for Emergency Funds.
g. These figures should be interpreted with caution; they may not fully reflect expenditure connected with the recent war. In particular budgetary data may be incomplete, and GNP figures may not reflect recent international cash transfers.
h. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at market prices, not GNP.
i. GDP at factor cost, not GNP.
a. Expenditure figures are presented in local currency, to permit a comparison over time, and then (except for USSR) in dollars at the exchange rates ruling in each year, to permit a comparison between countries.
b. NATO definition of defence expenditure. Figures for 1973 are NATO forecasts.
c. Soviet expenditure is derived in this table by adding 75% of the All-Union Science budget to the defence budget and has not been converted to $ because of the difficulty of establishing a suitable conversion rate. This method is adopted here purely for the purpose of showing a trend. For a fuller discussion of the problems of establishing a figure for Soviet defence expenditure and the dollar equivalent see The Military Balance 1973-74,pp. 8-9
a. These defence expenditure figures follow the NATO definition, which is comprehensive and common to all NATO countries. They therefore differ from those in Table 2. Exchange raies are those ruling on 1 July 1973.
b. Average annual compound growth of expenditure at current prices between 1969 and 1973.
c. Annual rate derived from consumer price indices. The figures indicate the rough magnitude of inflation affecting Defence expenditures, but not the actual rate within the defence sectors.
a. Countries tend to have more than one manpower establishment for a division, for example peacetime and wartime establishments, or variations to fit the requirements of different theatres. The figures in this table apply to Central Europe, and to operations rather than peacetime.
b. British divisions are shown here as identical, but their composition can vary.
c The number of brigades in a division and, in particular, the number of battalions in a brigade, will vary with operational needs ;regrouping of units would be normal. The composition given here is thus only a guide in each case to standard peacetime dispositions.
d. There are 11 tank and inf battalions, flexibly assigned to the 3 brigades.
e. In Britain the recce bn is a Corps unit.
f. In Europe; elsewhere normally 27.
g. Excluding weapons carried on the tanks shown in this table or ATGW on aircraft.
h. All mech inf bns each have 18 TOW plus 18 RCL. It is planned to withdraw the 18 RCL and replace them with 27 Dragon ATGW.
i. Some of the guns and SSM can fire conventional or nuclear munitions. (See Table 1, pp. 73-7.)
j. Medium artillery includes calibres of 105mm to 155mm; anything above this is classified, for the purpose of this table, as heavy.
k. In Britain heavy guns are held at Corps level.
1. US and British SSM are held at Corps level, on the scale of 4 per division.
a. Missiles listed here are those in production or about to enter production. For the purpose of this Table a missile is defined as a weapon having its own propellant and a guidance system for the vehicle, warhead, or both. Nuclear delivery missiles (listed in Table 1) and anti-ballistic-missile missiles are not included.
b. Includes Naval Air.
c. High-explosive, unless otherwise stated.
Any assessment of the military balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact involves comparison of the strengths of both men and equipment, consideration of qualitative characteristics - such as geographical advantages, deployment, training and logistic support - and differences in doctrine and philosophy.
Certain qualitative factors are of special importance. Fora variety of reasons, the Soviet Union is likely to have within the theatre, or nearby, forces which closely reflect her doctrine and strategy; on the other hand NATO, bound as it is by a multi-national political process and by public pressures that do not exist in the Soviet Union, has tended to compromise on its military requirements. Warsaw Pact equipment, though much of it might not meet NATO qualitative standards, is standardized, whereas that of NATO is not, and is thus subject to limitations on interchange and flexibility, NATO has certain strengths, such as the striking power of its tactical air forces, but there is little depth in the NATO central area, which presents problems in its defence. On the other hand the Warsaw Pact has its own vulnerabilities, notably in logistics, in addition to which there may be doubt about the political reliability of some of its members.
The appraisal which follows should therefore be regarded as primarily a quantitative guide, since there are difficulties in giving values to qualitative factors and deciding on their relevance in so short a space. It is military only, and thus one-dimensional. Furthermore, any single, static comparison of opposing forces can only give a limited insight into what might happen under the dynamic conditions of conflict. The two sides do not have the same military requirements: NATO forces are designed for defence, for creating at least a reasonable Soviet doubt about the possibility of the speedy success of a conventional attack and the nuclear consequences that might follow. This presentation necessarily over-simplifies what is by its nature a complex problem, not easily responsive to analysis.
The characteristics of the military balance are central to any consideration of Mutual Force Reductions (MFR), but the geographical Аrea being considered in the negotiations covers, for the moment at least, only part of the NATO area. A section at the end of this appraisal notes some special factors with which MFR discussions may be concerned.
Land and air forces The three major NATO subordinate commands, Northern, Central and Southern Europe, at first seem to offer a convenient basis for making a direct comparison with the opposing forces of the Warsaw Pact, but there are problems. The Northern European Command covers not only Norway but also the Baltic area, including Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic Approaches. It is not possible to make precise calculations as to the Soviet or Warsaw Pact formations that would be committed to the Baltic area rather than towards the NATO Central European Command, since in both land and air forces there is a considerable degree of flexibility to do either. For the Warsaw Pact this sector is a coherent front, though a number of Soviet divisions, notably in the Leningrad area and in the Kola Peninsula, would undoubtedly be directed towards Norway. Northern and Central Europe are therefore grouped together in the tables which follow. Southern Europe is shown separately.
GROUND FORMATIONS
A traditional basis of comparison is the number of combat divisions that the two sides have (shown in the table below). This is far from an adequate guide by itself, since not only do divisions vary greatly in their organization, size and equipment, as the detailed comparisons in Table 7 on p. 83 show, but there are a
number of combat units outside divisional structures. As a very broad indication of the front-line combat resources on the ground in peacetime a divisional count has some utility, taken in conjunction with the various tables which follow, but to read too much into it could be misleading.
French formations are not in the table; if included they would add two mechanized divisions to the NATO totals.* Though these divisions are stationed in Germany, and there has been some joint planning with NATO military commanders, they are not committed to NATO, and there has been no agreement on the military strategy under which they might be employed. On the other hand, all the appropriate forces of the Warsaw Pact countries are included, though the military value of some of them might be suspect for political reasons, dependent on circumstances. An offsetting advantage to NATO is the fact that most of the NATO strength is in West Germany, where it is wanted, while about a third of the Soviet divisions shown here are some distance away in the western military districts of the Soviet Union. The figures there fore show what is, from a NATO viewpoint, the worst case.
The table conceals a marked imbalance in North Norway. In Norway there are only Norwegian forces, a brigade group being located in the north. The Soviet forces facing them, or which could be brought against them from north-western Russia, probably amount to at least four divisions. This wide disparity highlights the problem of the defence of North Norway against surprise attack. To meet this difficulty a system of self-defence, based on a powerful Home Guard and rapid mobilization, has been designed to take maximum advantage of the ruggedness of the country and the poor road and rail communications, but it is clear that defence against attack of any size depends on timely external assistance.
Two further imbalances are worth noting. The first, a legacy from the post-war occupation zones, is a certain maldeployment in the NATO Central European Command, where the well-equipped and strong American formations are stationed in the southern part of the front, an area which for the most part geographically lends itself to defence, while in thenorth German plain, across which the routes to allied capitals run and where there is little depth and few major obstacles, certain of the forces are less powerful. The second is that the whole of the Italian land forces, which are included in the table under Southern Europe, are stationed in Italy and are thus at some distance from the areas of potential confrontation both in the South-East and the Centre.
MANPOWER
A comparison of front-line combat manpower deployed on the ground in normal peacetime circumstances (as distinct from total manpower, which is referred to later) fills out the picture further. The figures shown reflect the variations in divisional establishments mentioned above but also include combat troops in formations higher than divisions and those men who directly support them. They take account of under manning as well - many NATO and Warsaw Pact divisions are kept well below strength in peacetime. Figures calculated on this basis (which can only be very approximate) give the following comparison:
a. Includes, on the NATO side, the commands for which AFCENT and AFNORTH commanders have responsibility (see p. 16). France is not included, nor are any allied ground forces in Portugal or Britain. On the Warsaw Pact side it includes the command for which the Pact High Commander has responsibility, but excludes the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania ; certain Soviet units normally stationed in the western USSR and such troops as might be committed to the Baltic and Norwegian theatre of operations have, however, been included.
b. Includes, on the NATO side, the Italian, Greek and Turkish land forces (including those in Asian Turkey) and such American and British units as would be committed to the Mediterranean theatre of operations, and, on the Warsaw Pact side, the land forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania and such Soviet units normally stationed in Hungary and the southern USSR as might be committed to the Mediterranean theatre.
c. Divisions, brigades and similar formations, aggregated on the basis of three brigades per division
d. These are the two divisions stationed in Germany. There are four more in France, outside the NATO area.
The figures do not include French forces; if those stationed in Germany are counted the NATO figure for Northern and Central Europe might be increased by perhaps 50,000.
The table still reveals an advantage to the Warsaw Pact in Northern and Central Europe (subject to the caveat about the value to be placed on the forces of the East European Pact countries). It does not, of course, include the men in the American dual-based brigades, because they are not physically present in Europe, but does include on the Warsaw Pact side some 200,000 in, or in direct support of, divisions in the western Soviet Union, since these formations are clearly designed for operations in Central Europe, though they are at some distance in time and space from the area.
In Southern Europe the figures favour NATO but conceal the fact that the forces are widely separated, with Italian troops deployed at a very considerable distance from those of Greece and Turkey.
REINFORCEMENTS
The movement of reinforcements to the theatre and the mobilization of first-line reserves would materially alter the above figures. Indeed there are severe limitations in comparing purely peacetime strengths, since in crisis or conflict the total combat manpower that can be brought to bear in time becomes the key indicator.
There are, however, acute difficulties in making a numerical comparison of anything other than reinforcements potentially available, since there are so many variables and a good many unknowns affecting the speed with which reinforcements and reserves could or would be deployed operationally. Implicit in NATO defence plans is the concept of political warning time: that there will be enough warning of a possible attack to enable forces to be brought to a higher state of readiness and reinforcement and mobilization to take place. This does, of course, assume the willingness - which applies to both sides - to reinforce in a crisis situation, at the risk of heightening tension by doing so. Advantage here will generally lie with an attacker, who can start mobilization first, hope to conceal his intentions and finally achieve some degree of tactical surprise. The point of attack can be chosen and a significant local superiority built up. The defender is likely to start more slowly and will have to remain on guard at all points.
NATO forces would be built up from two sources: the mobilization of reserves to strengthen or increase the number of existing formations, and the movement into the theatre of formations stationed elsewhere in peacetime.
e. Divisions calculated on a 3-brigade basis.
f. Some countries, particularly Britain, Canada, the Netherlands and France, may have plans to mobilize battalion sized units in some numbers in addition to the formations shown here.
Potentially the most rapid build-up of any size would be that from the mobilization of reserves in Europe, occurring within days. This applies particularly to Germany, where reserves would bring units up to wartime strength (but not increase their number) and mobilize the Territorial Army of some 220,000 men, designed to assist with home defence. Other European nations could also use mobilized reserves to strengthen units and, in certain cases, augment them with others. Formations from outside the immediate area would come from Canada, Britain and possibly France, but principally from the United States. There are two dual based brigades and two divisions in the United States, all with their equipment stockpiled in Germany, and their personnel could be moved very quickly, using the very considerable airlift capacity available. There are in the United States at least another 6 divisions (one with heavy equipment) plus several brigades also available for use in Europe, but, though they might be available very early, much of their equipment would have to be moved by sea. The same would apply to the 8 divisions and some 21 independent brigades in the National Guard; these could nominally be ready perhaps five weeks after mobilization but might need further training (as might Soviet reserves). The table above summarizes the formations that NATO countries have available to provide reinforcements for the critical central sector.
Warsaw Pact reinforcement plans follow a rather different pattern. There are a large number of active Soviet divisions, but they are kept at three different manning levels, and other Warsaw Pact formations at two (see pp. 9 and 12 respectively). Reinforcement depends on filling out these divisions by mobilization and on moving some forward from the Soviet Union. All Soviet divisions stationed in East Germany, Poland or Czechoslovakia are in Category 1 and would need little reinforcement, but some of those of the East European countries in the central sector are at a lower level. The divisions in the Soviet Union which would move forward first would be those in the western part of the country, of which about a quarter are normally in Category 1. With more time and risk, reinforcing divisions could also be deployed from as far away as the Sino-Soviet border. The total number and state of readiness of Soviet and East European divisions (which, it will be remembered, are smaller than those of NATO) is shown in the following table:
g. Included here are 4 Category 1 divisions in Hungary and also a number of divisions that might reinforce Southern Europe, rather than the central sector.
As far as can be judged, mobilization by the Soviet Union in particular could be very speedy, and it has been estimated that the 27 Soviet divisions in Eastern Europe could be increased to between 70-80 in a few weeks - if mobilization were unimpeded. Of course it might not be. If hostilities had already started, movement by rail and road could be interdicted and the build-up be slowed down considerably. Nonetheless, the Soviet Union, a European power operating on interior lines, should be able in the early weeks to move reinforcements with heavy equipment faster overland than the United States could by sea. American ability to bring back the men of the dual-based brigades in days by air has been demonstrated on exercises, and for the two divisions with equipment in Germany the airlift of personnel would be a matter of another week of so.
As with Soviet Forces, this would depend on movement not being hindered, on a secure air environment and safe airfields to fly into; and quick dispersal from airfields could be difficult once fighting had started. The increase of manpower strengths in combatant units could take place rapidly, both from the United States and from the European NATO countries, but the real problem for a fast build-up of combat divisions lies in the inevitable time lag before the American follow-up formations, dependent for their heavy weapons on sealift, could be ready for operations.
A fair summary of the initial reinforcement position might be that the Warsaw Pact is intrinsically capable of a faster build-up of formations in the early weeks, particularly if local surprise is achieved, and has a large pool on which to draw; that NATO can only match such a build-up if it has, and takes advantage of, sufficient warning time; that the subsequent rate of build-up of formations also favours the Warsaw Pact unless the crisis develops slowly enough to permit full reinforcement; in this last case the West could eventually reach an advantageous position. Alliance countries maintain rather more men under arms than the Warsaw Pact. For Army/Marines the figures (in thousands) are: NATO 2,692 (3,023 including France); Warsaw Pact 2,654. And the Soviet Union has a large proportion of her forces on her border with China. Clearly, Soviet plans will put a premium on exploiting a fast build-up of forces, and NATO'S on achieving a rate of reinforcement to counter this.
EQUIPMENT
In a comparison of equipment one point stands out: the Warsaw Pact is armed almost completely with Soviet or Soviet-designed material and enjoys the flexibility, simplicity of training and economy that standardization brings, NATO forces have a wide variety of everything from weapons systems to vehicles, with consequent duplication of supply systems and some difficulties of inter-operability; they do, however, have many weapons qualitatively superior. As to numbers of weapons, there are some notable differences, of which that in tanks is perhaps the most significant. The relative strengths are:
h. These are tanks with formations, or which are earmarked for the use of dual-based or immediate reinforcing formations (some 750).They do not include those in reserve, or small stocks held to replace tanks damaged or destroyed. In this latter category NATO has perhaps 1,500 tanks in Europe. There may be tanks in reserve in the Warsaw Pact area, but in general in the Pact reinforcement system the tanks in formations form the reserves.
Again, French forces are not included in the above figures. If the two divisions stationed in Germany are taken into account, 325 should be added to the NATO total ; if the three divisions in eastern France are counted, a further 485 should be added.
It will be seen that in Northern and Central Europe NATO has little more than a third as many operational tanks as the Warsaw Pact, though NATO tanks are generally superior (even to the T-62, now increasingly coming into service in the Pact forces). This numerical weakness in tanks (and in other armoured fighting vehicles) reflects NATO'S essentially defensive role and is offset to some extent by a superiority in heavy antitank weapons, a field in which new missiles coming into service may increasingly give more strength to the defence, NATO probably also has more effective airborne anti-tank weapons carried by fighter aircraft and helicopters. In conventional artillery the Warsaw Pact is stronger, perhaps by 2 : 1, though this advantage is partly redressed by the greater lethality of NATO ammunition and its greater logistic capability to sustain higher rates of fire. This capability stems from a significantly higher transport lift, about half as high again in a NATO division as a Warsaw Pact one. NATO has, however, an inflexible logistic system, based almost entirely on national supply lines with little central co-ordination. It cannot now use French territory, and has many lines of communication running north to south near the area of forward deployment. Certain NATO countries are, furthermore, short of supplies for sustained combat, but Warsaw Pact countries may be no better off.
AIRCRAFT
If NATO ground formations are to be able to exploit the mobility they possess by day as well as by night, they must have a greater degree of air cover over the battlefield than they now have. Such cover is provided by a combination of rapid warning and communications systems, surface-to-air weapons and fighter aircraft. In much of this ground-air environment NATO is well prepared; in numbers of aircraft it is inferior.
NATO has, however, a higher proportion of multi-purpose aircraft of good performance over their full mission profiles, especially in range and payload; considerable power can be deployed in the ground-attack role in particular.
i. The area covered here is slightly wider than for ground troops as described in note a. Many aircraft have a long-range capability and in any case can be re-deployed very quickly; Accordingly, the figures here include the appropriate British and American aircraft in Britain, American aircraft in Spain and Soviet aircraft in the western USSR. They do not, however, include the American dual-based squadrons, which would add about 100 fighter-type aircraft to the NATO totals, nor French squadrons with perhaps' another 400 fighters. Carrier-borne aircraft of the US Navy are excluded, but so are the medium bombers in the Soviet Air Force, which could operate in a tactical role.
Both sides are modernizing their inventories, and the US forces in Europe in particular can now be assumed to have available very advanced air-delivered weapons, such as laser-guided bombs and other precision-guided munitions. The two air forces have rather different roles: long range and payload have lower priority for the Warsaw Pact, NATO, for example, has maintained a long-range deep-strike tactical aircraft capability; the Soviet Union has chosen to build an MRBM force which could, under certain circumstances, perform analogous missions, though not in a conventional phase of any battle.
The Warsaw Pact enjoys the advantage of interior lines of communication, which makes for ease of command and control and logistics. It has a relatively high capability to operate from dispersed natural airfields serviced by mobile systems, far more airfields and the great advantage of standard ground support equipment which stems from having only Soviet-designed aircraft. These factors make for greater flexibility than NATO has, with its wide variety of aircraft and support equipment, NATO undoubtedly has superiority in sophistication of equipment, the capability of its air crews (which in general have higher training standards and fly more hours) and the versatility of its aircraft, which give operational flexibility of a different kind. NATO'S real advantage, however, is that it has more reinforcement aircraft. Since squadrons can be moved quickly, the NATO numerical inferiority shown above could rapidly be turned into superiority if enough airfields were available. The total American tactical aircraft inventory, for example (excluding training or home air defence) is 5,000; that for the Soviet Union is 4,500.
THEATRE NUCLEAR WEAPONS
NATO has some 7,000 nuclear warheads, deliverable by a variety of vehicles, over 2,000 in all, aircraft, short-range missiles and artillery of the types listed in Table 1 on pp. 73-7. j
(j These nuclear weapons are in general designed for use against targets within the battlefield area or directly connected with the manoeuvre of combatant forces - which could be described as a 'tactical' use. The figure of 7,000 warheads includes, however, a substantial number carried by aircraft such as the F-4 or F-104, which could be delivered on targets outside the battlefield area or unconnected with the manoeuvre of combatant forces, and thus be put to 'strategic' use. There is inevitably some overlap when describing delivery vehicles, aircraft and missiles capable of delivering conventional or nuclear warheads as 'tactical' or 'strategic'. The total of 7,000 also includes nuclear warheads for certain air-defence missiles and nuclear mines.)
There are also nuclear mines. Yields are variable but are mainly in the low kiloton range. The ground-based missile launchers and guns are in formations down to divisions and are operated both by American and allied troops, but in the latter case warheads are under double key. The figure for Soviet warheads is probably about 3,500, similarly delivered by aircraft and missile systems (see Table 1). Soviet warheads are thought to be somewhat larger, on average, than those of NATO. Some of the delivery vehicles, but not the warheads, are in the hands of non-Soviet Warsaw Pact forces.
This comparison of nuclear warheads must not be looked at in quite the same light as the conventional comparisons preceding it, since on the NATO side the strategic doctrine is not, and cannot be, based on the use of such weapons on this sort of scale. These numbers were accumulated to implement an earlier, predominantly nuclear, strategy, and an inventory of this size now has the chief merit of affording a wide range of choice of weapons, yield and delivery system if controlled escalation has to be contemplated. A point that does emerge from the comparison, however, is that the Soviet Union has the ability to launch a battlefield nuclear offensive on a massive scale if she chooses, or to match any NATO escalation with broadly similar options.
CHANGES OVER TIME
The comparisons above are not very different from those of a few years ago, but over a longer period the effect of small and slow changes can be marked, and the balance can alter. In 1962 the American land, sea and air forces in Europe totalled 434,000; now the figure is around 300,000. There were 26 Soviet divisions in Eastern Europe in 1967; now there are 31. The numerical pattern over the years so far has been a gradual shift in favour of the East; qualitatively NATO has more than held its own. In future the advent of new weapon systems, particularly precision-guided munitions and anti-tank and air defence missiles, may cut into the Warsaw Pact's advantage in tank and aircraft numbers. The extent to which negotiated force reductions may change the balance also remains to be seen.
MUTUAL FORCE REDUCTIONS
Negotiations on the mutual reduction of forces and armaments and associated measures in Central Europe have been under way since 30 October 1973. 'Central Europe' was not defined in the communiquИ agreed in the preparatory consultations, but, for the moment at least, the talks have been concerned with forces and armaments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, West Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. France is taking no part in the discussions, so her forces are presumably excluded (except perhaps, under certain circumstances, the two divisions in Germany), as are any Soviet or NATO troops not stationed in the area described. Forces stationed in Berlin under quadripartite jurisdiction are unlikely to be covered per se.
Since the area is a narrower one than that with which this appraisal has largely been concerned, and total manpower rather than combat strength is a main yardstick, the "table below has been constructed to show the basic figures from which NATO negotiators will have started. The manpower figures are for ground forces and marines, in thousands.
The two sides each made initial proposals, NATO suggested reductions in two phases. The first phase would involve a 15 per cent cut in American and Soviet ground troops in the MFR area, which would leave 161,000 American troops (a reduction of 29,000) and 391,000 Soviet troops (a reduction of 69,000). In the second phase there would be a reduction of all NATO and Warsaw Pact ground forces to a common ceiling of 700,000, involving further cuts by NATO of 59,000 and by the Warsaw-Pact of 166,000.
(k The full acronym for the talks is MUREFAAMCE but MFR is used here as a more convenient one.)
The Warsaw Pact proposal covered both ground and air forces in the area. The base figures from which it might start (these are Western estimates) would be: NATO, 906,000; Warsaw Pact, 1,110,000. The proposal envisaged cuts in three stages: an initial reduction of 20,000 by both sides by 1975, leaving figures of 886,000 and 1,090,000; a second reduction of 5 percent by 1976, leaving 841,000 and 1,035,000; and a third and final reduction of 10 per cent by 1977. The figures would then be 750,000 air and ground forces for NATO and 924,000 for the Warsaw Pact.
The Warsaw Pact negotiators have also proposed that aircraft in the area should be included in MFR (see table above), as should nuclear forces (see Table 1 on pp. 73-7 for details of types and some numbers), NATO has an interest in reducing the considerable disparity in tanks that the table above shows.
Оценка военного баланса между NATO и Варшавским договором предполагает сопоставление сил сторон как людей, так и техники, рассмотрение качественных характеристик - таких, как географические преимущества, развертывание, подготовка и материально - техническое обеспечение, и различий в доктрине и философии.
Особое значение имеют определенные качественные факторы. По целому ряду причин Советский Союз, вероятно, будет иметь на ТВД или поблизости силы, которые близко отражают его доктрину и стратегию; с другой стороны, NATO, будучи связанной многонациональным политическим процессом и общественным давлением, которого нет в Советском Союзе, имеет тенденцию идти на компромисс в отношении своих военных потребностей. Вооружение Варшавского договора, хотя большая часть его может не удовлетворять NATO качественных стандартов, является стандартным, в то время как вооружение NATO не является, и таким образом ограничены в замене и гибкости, NATO имеет определенные преимущества, такие как ударная мощь своих тактических авиационных сил, но малая глубина фронта NATO в Центральном районе, создает проблемы в обороне. С другой стороны, Варшавский договор имеет свои собственные уязвимые места, в частности в логистике, в дополнение к которым могут возникнуть сомнения в политической надежности некоторых из его членов.
Поэтому нижеследующая оценка должна рассматриваться в первую очередь как количественное руководство, поскольку трудно дать оценку качественным факторам и принять решение об их актуальности в столь сжатые сроки. Баланс только военный, а значит односторонний. Кроме того, любое единичное статичное сравнение противостоящих сил может дать лишь ограниченное представление о том, что может произойти в динамичных условиях конфликта. У обеих сторон нет одинаковых военных требований: силы NATO предназначены для обороны, для создания хотя бы разумных советских сомнений относительно возможности скорейшего успеха нападения обычными средствами и ядерных последствий, которые могут последовать. Эта презентация чрезмерно упрощает то, что по своей природе является сложной проблемой, не легко поддающейся анализу.
Характеристики военного баланса имеют центральное значение для любого рассмотрения вопроса о взаимных сокращениях сил (MFR), однако географический баланс, рассматриваемый в ходе переговоров, охватывает, по крайней мере, на данный момент, лишь часть территории NATO. В одном из разделов в конце настоящей оценки отмечаются некоторые особые факторы, с которыми могут быть связаны дискуссии по вопросам MFR.
Сухопутные и военно-воздушные силы Три основных командования NATO - Северная, Центральная и Южная Европа поначалу кажутся удобной основой для проведения прямого сравнения с противостоящими силами Варшавского договора, но есть проблема. Североевропейское командование охватывает не только Норвегию, но и Прибалтику, включая Данию, Шлезвиг-Гольштейнский и Балтийский проходы. Невозможно произвести точные расчеты в отношении советских формирований или формирований Варшавского договора, которые были бы выделены Балтийскому региону, а не центральноевропейскому командованию NATO, поскольку и в сухопутных, и в воздушных силах существует значительная степень гибкости. Для Варшавского договора этот сектор является единым фронтом, хотя ряд советских подразделений, особенно в Ленинградской области и на Кольском полуострове, несомненно, будет направлен в сторону Норвегии. Поэтому Северная и Центральная Европа сгруппированы в нижеследующие таблицы. Отдельно показана Южная Европа.
НАЗЕМНЫЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ
Традиционной основой сравнения является количество боевых дивизий, которые имеют обе стороны (показано в таблице ниже). Это далеко не адекватно само по себе, поскольку дивизии сильно различаются по своей организации, размерам и вооружению, как это подробно показано в таблице 7 на стр. 83
а также имеются боевые единицы вне дивизий. В качестве общих сведений на имеющиеся боевые ресурсы они имеет некоторую полезность, взятую в сочетании с различными таблицами, которые следуют за этой, но придание слишком большого значения в подсчете дивизий может ввести в заблуждение.
Французские формирования не учтены; они добавили бы две механизированные дивизий в итоги NATO.* Хотя эти подразделения, дислоцированы в Германии и имеется совместное планирование с военным командованием NATO, они не принадлежат NATO и не было соглашения о военной стратегии, по которому они могут быть использованы. С другой стороны, включены все соответствующие силы стран Варшавского договора, хотя военная ценность некоторых из них может быть сомнительной по политическим причинам, зависящим от обстоятельств. Преимущества в NATO фактически, что большинство натовских сил в Западной Германии, в то время как около трети советских дивизий, показанные здесь, на некотором расстоянии в Западных военных округах СССР (см. последующие сравнения приложения) Цифры показывают однако, что NATO, что в худшем положении.
Таблица скрывает заметный дисбаланс в Северной Норвегии. В Норвегии есть только норвежские силы в мирное время, бригадная группа находится на севере. Противостоящие им советские силы, или те, которые могут быть привлечены к ним с северо-запада России, составляют, вероятно, не менее четырех дивизий. Это большое неравенство высвечивает проблему защиты Северной Норвегии от внезапного нападения. Для решения этой проблемы была разработана система самообороны, основанная на мощном ополчении и быстрой мобилизации, с тем чтобы в максимальной степени использовать возможности страны и слабое дорожное и железнодорожное сообщение, однако ясно, что защита от нападения любого масштаба зависит от своевременной внешней помощи.
Следует отметить еще два дисбаланса. Первый, унаследованный от послевоенных оккупационных зон, развертывания в NATO Центрально-европейском командовании, где хорошо оснащенные и сильные американские формирования, дислоцированы на южном участке фронта, в районе, который территориально благоприятен для обороны, в то время как в Северогерманская низменность, на которой расположены столицы союзных сторон, небольшой глубины и где мало серьезных препятствий, силы менее мощные. Во-вторых, все итальянские сухопутные войска, которые включены в таблицу по Южной Европе, дислоцированы в Италии и, таким образом, находятся на некотором расстоянии от районов потенциальной конфронтации как на юго-востоке, так и в центре.
ЛИЧНЫЙ СОСТАВ
Сравнение численности личного состава, развернутого на местах в обычных условиях, т. е. до получения какого-либо подкрепления, позволяет получить более полную картину. Показанные цифры отражают различия в дивизионных учреждениях, упомянутых выше, но также включают боевые подразделения в формациях выше дивизий и тех людей, которые непосредственно их поддерживают. Они также учитывают численность личного состава - многие подразделения NATO и Варшавского договора в мирное время находятся на значительно более низком уровне. Показатели, рассчитанные на этой основе могут быть только приблизительными. Они дают следующее сравнение:
a. Включает, со стороны NATO, командования, за которые несут ответственность AFCENT и AFNORTH (см. введение в раздел NATO). Франция не включена, как и союзнические сухопутные войска в Португалии и в Великобритании. Со стороны Варшавского договора включает командование, за которое отвечает Верховный Главнокомандующий пактом, но исключает вооруженные силы Болгарии, Венгрии и Румынии. Однако некоторые советские подразделения, дислоцированные в западном СССР, и войска, которые могли бы быть преданы Балтийскому и норвежскому театрам военных действий, были включены в Варшавский договор.
b. Включает, со стороны NATO, итальянские, греческие и турецкие сухопутные силы (в том числе в азиатской части Турции), и такие американские и британские подразделения, которые на Средиземноморском театре операций, и в Варшавском договоре сухопутные войска Болгарии, Венгрии и Румынии, и такие советские подразделения, которые находятся в Венгрии и на юге СССР и могут быть брошены на Средиземноморский ТВД.
с. Дивизии, бригады и аналогичные формирования, бригада считается одной третью дивизии.
d. Это два подразделения, дислоцированные в Германии. Еще четыре находятся во Франции, за пределами зоны NATO.
Эти цифры не включают французские силы; если подсчитать силы, дислоцированные в Германии, то показатель NATO для Северной и Центральной Европы может быть увеличен, возможно, на 50 000.
Таблица показывает преимущество Варшавского договора в Северной и Центральной Европе (при условии размещения сил стран Восточной Европы). В неё, конечно, не входят бойцы американских бригад двойного базирования, потому что они физически не присутствуют в Европе, но включают на стороне Варшавского договора около 200 000 дивизий в западной части Советского Союза, поскольку эти формирования явно предназначены для операций в Центральной Европе, хотя они находятся на некотором расстоянии во времени и пространстве от этого района.
В Южной Европе цифры в пользу NATO, но скрывают тот факт, что силы широко разделены, а итальянские войска развернуты на очень значительном расстоянии от Греции и Турции.
ПОДКРЕПЛЕНИЯ
Переброска подкреплений на театр и мобилизация резервов первой линии существенно изменили бы вышеуказанные цифры. Действительно, существуют серьезные ограничения в сравнении исключительно сил сторон мирного времени, поскольку в условиях кризиса или конфликта ключевым показателем становится общая боевая сила, которая может быть задействована во времени.
Однако, острой проблемой численного сравнения, кроме учета подкреплениий, которые потенциально доступны, является очень много переменных и немало неизвестных факторов, влияющих на скорость, с которой подкрепления и резервы могут быть оперативно развернуты. В оборонных планах NATO имплицитно заложена концепция времени политического предупреждения: предупреждений о возможном нападении будет достаточно для того, чтобы силы могли быть приведены в более высокую степень готовности, усиления и мобилизации. Это, конечно, предполагает готовность - это относится к обеим сторонам - обострять кризисную ситуацию, рискуя тем самым усилить напряженность. Преимущество здесь, как правило, будет за атакующим, который может начать мобилизацию первым, надеясь скрыть свои намерения и, наконец, достичь некоторой степени тактической внезапности. Место атак можно выбрать и создать значительное местное превосходство. Обороняющийся, скорее всего, начнет медленнее и должен будет оставаться на страже во всех местах.
Силы NATO будут формироваться из двух источников: мобилизация резервов для подкрепления или увеличения числа существующих формирований и переброска на театр действий формирований, дислоцированных в другом место в мирное время.
e. Дивизии рассчитаны на 3-х бригадную основу.
f. Некоторые страны, в частности Великобритания, Канада, Нидерланды и Франция, возможно, планируют мобилизовать батальонные подразделения в некоторых количествах в дополнение к формациям, показанным здесь.
Потенциально самым быстрым наращиванием любого масштаба может стать мобилизация резервов в Европе, которая будет происходить в течение нескольких дней. Это относится, в частности, к Германии, где резервы приведут подразделения к военной силе (но не увеличат их численность) и мобилизуют территориальную армию численностью около 220 000 человек, предназначенную для оказания помощи в самообороне. Другие европейские страны могли бы также использовать мобилизованные резервы для укрепления подразделений и, в некоторых случаях, дополнять их другими. Формирования из-за пределов непосредственного района будут поступать из Канады, Великобритании и, возможно, Франции, но главным образом из Соединенных Штатов. В Соединенных Штатах имеются 2 бригады на двух базах и 2 дивизии, и все они оснащены вооружением, размещенным в Германии, и их персонал может быть перемещен очень быстро с использованием весьма значительного имеющегося потенциала воздушных перевозок. В Соединенных Штатах есть по крайней мере еще 6 дивизий (одна с тяжелой техникой) плюс несколько бригад, также доступных для использования в Европе, но, хотя они могут быть доступны очень рано, большая часть их вооружения должна быть перемещена морем. То же самое относится к 8 дивизиям и примерно 21 отдельной бригаде Национальной гвардии; они могут быть номинально готовы, возможно, через пять недель после мобилизации, но могут нуждаться в дальнейшей подготовке (как и советские резервы). В таблице выше приведены формирования, которые страны NATO готовы предоставить на подкрепление критического центрального сектора.
Планы подкреплений Варшавского договора следуют несколько иной схеме. Существует большое количество действующих советских дивизий, но они находятся на трех разных уровнях комплектования, а другие формирования Варшавского договора на двух (см. стр. 9 и 12 соответственно). Усиление зависит от пополнения этих подразделений по мобилизации и от продвижения вперед из Советского Союза. Все советские подразделения, дислоцированные в Восточной Германии, Польше или Чехословакии, относятся к категории 1 и нуждаются в незначительном укреплении, однако некоторые из Восточноевропейских стран в центральном секторе находятся на более низком уровне. Разделение в Советском Союзе, которое будет продвигаться вперед в первую очередь, будет происходить в западной части страны, из которых около четверти, как правило, относятся к категории 1. С большим временем и риском, дивизии могли бы быть развернуты и с такого расстояния, как Китайско-советская граница. Общее количество и состояние готовности советских и восточноевропейских дивизий (которые, напомним, меньше, чем у NATO) показано в следующей таблице:
g. Сюда включены 4 подразделения категории 1 в Венгрии, а также ряд подразделений, которые могут укрепить Южную Европу, а не центральный сектор.
Насколько можно судить, мобилизация со стороны Советского Союза, в частности, может быть очень быстрой, и, по оценкам, 27 советских дивизий в Восточной Европе могут быть увеличены до 70-80 в течение нескольких недель - если мобилизация будет беспрепятственной. Конечно, может и не быть. Если бы боевые действия уже начались, то движение по железной дороге и автомобильным дорогам можно было бы пресечь, а его наращивание значительно замедлить. Тем не менее, Советский Союз, европейская держава, работающая на внутренних линиях, должна быть в состоянии в первые недели переместить подкрепления тяжелой техникой быстрее по суше, чем Соединенные Штаты могли бы по морю. На учениях была продемонстрирована американская способность перебрасывать людей из бригад двойного базирования в течение нескольких дней по воздуху, а для двух дивизий с оборудованием в Германии переброска персонала будет вопросом еще одной недели.
Как и в случае с советскими войсками, это будет зависеть от беспрепятственного передвижения, безопасной воздушной среды и безопасных аэродромов для полетов; и быстрого ухода с аэродромов, что может быть затруднено после начала боевых действий. Увеличение численности личного состава воюющих подразделений может происходить быстро, как из Соединенных Штатов, так и из европейских стран NATO, но реальная проблема для быстрого наращивания заключается в неизбежном временном лаге до того, как американские последующие формирования, зависящие от их тяжелого оружия в морских перевозках, могут быть готовы к операциям.
Справедливый итог в том, что Варшавский договор является, по сути, способен быстрее наращивать формирования в начале недели, особенно если местная внезапность будет достигнута; то, что NATO может соответственно только начать наращивание, если достаточное время предупреждения; что последующее наращивания сил Варшавского договора, если кризис будет развиваться достаточно медленно, чтобы позволить получить полные подкрепления ; в этом последнем случае Запад мог бы в конечном итоге достичь выгодной позиции. Страны Североатлантического союза имеют больше вооруженных людей, чем Варшавский договор. Для армии/морской пехоты цифры (в тысячах): NATO 2,692 (3,023, включая Францию); Варшавский договор 2,654. И Советский Союз имеет большую долю своих сил на границе с Китаем. Очевидно, что советские планы поставят во главу угла использование быстрого наращивания сил, а NATO - достижение темпов усиления для противодействия этому.
ВООРУЖЕНИЕ
При сравнении вооружения выделяется один момент: Варшавский договор практически полностью вооружен советским или по советским проектам изготовленным вооружением и пользуется гибкостью, простотой обучения и экономичностью, которые приносит стандартизация. Силы NATO имеют широкий спектр всего - от систем вооружения до транспортных средств, что приводит к дублированию систем снабжения и некоторым трудностям в плане оперативной совместимости ; вместе с тем они обладают многими видами оружия более высокого качества. Что касается количества оружия, то есть некоторые заметные различия, из которых, пожалуй, наиболее существенны в танках. Относительные силы:
h. Речь идет о танках в формированиях или танках, предназначенных для использования формированиях двойного базирования или непосредственно образующихся (около 750). Не включают в резерв или на замену поврежденных или уничтоженных. В этой последней категории NATO имеет, возможно, 1500 танков в Европе. В районе Варшавского договора могут находиться танки в резерве, но в целом в системе усиления пакта танки в формированиях образуют резервы.
Опять же, французские войска не включены в вышеуказанные цифры. Если две дивизии, дислоцированной в Германии учесть, то 325 должны быть добавлены к NATO; если три дивизии в восточной Франции, то еще 485 должны быть добавлены.
Видно, что в Северной и Центральной Европе NATO имеет немногим более трети оперативных танков Варшавского договора, хотя танки NATO в целом превосходят (даже Т-62, в настоящее время все чаще поступающий на вооружение сил пакта). Эта численная слабость танков (и других боевых бронированных машин) отражает, по сути, оборонительную роль NATO и в некоторой степени компенсируется превосходством в противотанковых вооружениях - области, в которой новые ракеты, поступающие на вооружение, могут все больше усиливать оборону. NATO, вероятно, также обладает более эффективным воздушным противотанковым оружием, несущихся истребителями и вертолетами. В обычной артиллерии Варшавский договор сильнее, хотя это преимущество частично компенсируется большей смертоносностью боеприпасов NATO и ее большей материально-технической способностью выдерживать более высокие темпы огня. Этот потенциал обусловлен значительно более высокой транспортной обеспеченностью, примерно в два раза выше в подразделении NATO по сравнению с подразделением Варшавского договора. В NATO, однако, негибкая система логистики, основанная почти исключительно на национальных линиях снабжения с небольшой центральной координацией. В настоящее время не может использовать французскую территорию и имеет много линий связи, проходящих с севера на юг вблизи района передового развертывания. Кроме того, некоторым странам NATO не хватает поставок для ведения постоянных боевых действий, но страны Варшавского договора могут быть не лучше.
АВИАЦИЯ
Для того чтобы наземные формирования NATO могли использовать как днем, так и ночью мобильность, которой они обладают, они должны иметь большую степень прикрытия с воздуха над полем боя, чем сейчас. Такое прикрытие обеспечивает сочетание быстрого оповещения и связи, зенитные оружия и истребителей. Во многом в этой наземно-воздушной среде NATO хорошо подготовлена, но по количеству самолетов уступает.
Однако NATO имеет более высокую долю многоцелевых самолетов хорошими характеристиками, особенно по дальности и полезной нагрузке; в частности, значительная мощь может быть развернута в роли наземного нападения.
i. Охватываемый здесь район несколько шире, чем для сухопутных войск, как это описано в примечании a. Многие самолеты обладают большой дальностью полета и в любом случае могут быть переброшены очень быстро. Соответственно, цифры здесь включают соответствующие британские и американские самолеты в Великобритании, американские самолеты в Испании и советские самолеты в западе СССР. Они, однако, не включают американские эскадрильи двойного базирования, которые добавили бы около 100 самолетов истребительного типа к общим показателям NATO, ни французские эскадрильи с, возможно, еще 400 истребителями. Авианосные самолеты ВМС США исключены, но таковыми, с другой стороны, являются средние бомбардировщики ВВС СССР, которые могли бы действовать в тактической роли.
Обе стороны модернизируют свои арсеналы, и американские войска в Европе, в частности, теперь можно предположить, имеют в наличии весьма современное оружие воздушного базирования, такое как бомбы с лазерным наведением и другие высокоточные боеприпасы. Военно-воздушные силы сторон имеют довольно разные роли: дальняя дальность и полезная нагрузка имеют более низкий приоритет для Варшавского договора, NATO, например, сохранила потенциал дальней дальней тактической авиации; Советский Союз решил построить силы БРСД, которые могли бы при определенных обстоятельствах выполнять аналогичные миссии, хотя и не в обычной фазе сражения.
Варшавский договор имеет преимущество внутренних линий связи, которая обеспечивает легкость управления и логистики. Он имеет относительно высокую способность работать с полевых аэродромов, обслуживаемых мобильными системами, гораздо больше аэродромов с укрытиями и большим преимуществом стандартного наземного оборудования, которое проистекает от использования чисто советских самолетов. Эти факторы обеспечивают большую гибкость, чем NATO, с ее широким спектром самолетов и вспомогательного оборудования. NATO, несомненно, имеет превосходство в совершенстве техники, в возможностях своих экипажей, которые имеют в целом более высокие стандарты подготовки и летают больше часов, и в универсальности своих самолетов, которые дают оперативную гибкость иного рода. Реальное преимущество NATO, однако, заключается в том, что она имеет больше самолетов подкрепления. Поскольку эскадрильи можно быстро перемещать, численная неполноценность NATO, показанная выше, может быстро превратиться в превосходство, если будет достаточно аэродромов. Например, общее количество американских тактических самолетов (за исключением учебно-тренировочных средств или средств ПВО) составляет 5100 единиц; для Советского Союза - 4500 единиц.
ТАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ЯДЕРНОЕ ОРУЖИЕ
NATO располагает примерно 7000 ядерными боеголовками, которые могут быть доставлены различными носителями, всего более 2000 единиц самолетов, ракет малой дальности и артиллерия типов, перечисленных в Табл. 1 на С. 73-7. Дж
(*Это ядерное оружие, как правило, предназначено для применения против целей в зоне боевых действий или непосредственно связано с маневром боевых сил, которое можно охарактеризовать как "тактическое" применение. Однако цифра в 7000 боеголовок включает значительное число, перевозимых, например, самолетами типа F-4 или F-104, которые могут доставляться по целям за пределами района боя или не связанным с маневром боевых сил и, таким образом, использоваться в "стратегических целях". При описании средств доставки, самолетов и ракет, способных доставлять обычные или ядерные боеголовки, как "тактические" или "стратегические" неизбежно возникает определенное дублирование. В общей сложности 7000 включают также ядерные боеголовки для некоторых ракет ПВО и ядерные мины.)
Есть и ядерные мины. Мощности являются переменными, но в основном в нижнем диапазоне килотонн. Наземные ракетные установки и орудия находятся в строю вплоть до дивизий и управляются как американскими, так и союзными войсками, но в последнем случае боеголовки находятся под двойным ключом. Число советских боеголовок, вероятно, составляет около 3500, аналогично несущихся самолетами и ракетными системами (см. таблицу 1). Советские боеголовки считаются в среднем несколько большими, чем боеголовки NATO. Некоторые из средств доставки, но не боеголовки, находятся в руках несоветских сил Варшавского договора.
Это сопоставление ядерных боеголовок не должно рассматриваться в том же свете, что и предшествующие ему сопоставления обычных вооружений, поскольку со стороны NATO стратегическая доктрина не основывается и не может основываться на применении такого рода оружия в таких масштабах. Это количество было накоплены для осуществления более ранней, преимущественно ядерной, стратегии, и в настоящее время главным достоинством инвентаризации такого размера является предоставление широкого спектра выбора оружия, средств и систем доставки, если необходимо предусмотреть контролируемую эскалацию. Однако из сравнения следует, что Советский Союз имеет возможность начать ядерное наступление на поле боя в массовом масштабе, если он решит, или проводить эскалацию NATO с разными вариантами.
ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ СО ВРЕМЕНЕМ
Приведенные выше сравнения не очень отличаются от тех, что были несколько лет назад, но за более длительный срок эффект мелких и медленных изменений может быть отмечен, и баланс может измениться. В 1962 году американские сухопутные, морские и воздушные силы в Европе насчитывали 434 000 человек; сейчас эта цифра составляет около 300 000 человек. В 1967 году в Восточной Европе насчитывалось 26 советских дивизий, сейчас - 31. Численная структура на протяжении многих лет до сих пор была постепенным сдвигом в пользу Востока; качественно NATO сохранялось. В будущем появление новых систем вооружения, в частности высокоточных боеприпасов, противотанковых ракет и ракет ПВО, может сократить преимущество Варшавского Договора по количеству танков и самолетов. Еще предстоит выяснить, в какой степени согласованные в ходе переговоров сокращения сил могут изменить баланс сил.
ВЗАИМНЫЕ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ СИЛ
Переговоры о взаимном сокращении сил и вооружений и связанных с этим мерах в Центральной Европе начались 30 октября 1973 года. 'Центральная Европа' не определено в коммюнике, согласованном в подготовительных консультаций, но, по крайней мере, переговоры были ограничены силами и вооружениями в Польше, Чехословакии, ГДР, ФРГ, Нидерландах, Бельгии и Люксембурга. Франция не принимает участия в обсуждениях, поэтому ее силы, предположительно, исключены (за исключением, возможно, при определенных обстоятельствах двух дивизий в Германии), как и любые советские или NATO войска, не размещенные в описанном районе. Силы, дислоцированные в Берлине под четырехсторонней юрисдикцией, вряд ли будут охвачены как таковые.
Поскольку этот район является более узким по сравнению с районом, в котором проводилась эта оценка, и основным критерием является общая численность личного состава, а не боевая мощь, таблица ниже построена таким образом, чтобы показать основные цифры, с которых будут начинаться переговоры в NATO. Численность личного состава сухопутных войск и морской пехоты исчисляется в тысячах.
Обе стороны внесли первоначальные предложения, NATO предложила сокращения в два этапа. Первый этап будет включать в себя 15% сокращения американских и советских наземных войск в зоне MFR, которая составляет 161,000 американских войск (сокращение от 29,000) и 391,000 советских войск (сокращение 69,000). На втором этапе было бы сокращение всех и Варшавского договора и NATO сухопутные войска к общему потолка в 700 000, включая дальнейшее сокращение NATO на 59,000 и Варшавского договора на 166,000.
(полная аббревиатура переговоров MUREFAAMCE, но MFR здесь используется как более удобная.)
Предложение Варшавского договора охватывало как наземные, так и воздушные силы в этом районе. Базовые цифры, с которых он мог бы начать (это западные оценки): NATO, 906 000; Варшавский договор, 1110 000. Предложение предусмотрено сокращение в три этапа: начальный"сокращение 20,000 обеих сторон 1975, оставляя цифры 886,000 и 1,090,000; второй-сокращение на 5% к 1976 году, оставив 841,000 и 1,035,000; и третье и последнее сокращение на 10% к 1977 году. Тогда эти цифры составят 750 000 военно-воздушных и наземных сил NATO и 924 000-Варшавского договора.
Участники переговоров по Варшавскому договору также предложили, чтобы самолеты в этом районе были включены в MFR (см. таблицу выше), как и ядерные силы (см. таблицу 1 на стр. 73-7 для подробностей о типах и некоторых номерах), NATO заинтересована в сокращении значительного неравенства в танках, которое показано в таблице выше.
A widely-used indicator of the economic burden of defence is a country's defence expenditure expressed as a percentage of Gross National Product (GNP). If given without explanation such a figure can be ambiguous; both defence expenditure and GNP can be variously defined, resulting in a wide range of possible percentages. For international comparisons in particular, therefore, this indicator should be used with full awareness of the bases on which it has been calculated.
Defence expenditure Differences can occur principally in determining the scope of defence activities and their valuation.
Establishing their scope means determining which expenditure can be reasonably described as defence related - and countries have their own versions of this, which are not immediately comparable. As a rule the defence budget of a country will simply be the expenditure of the Ministry of Defence. However, not all defence-related activities may be within its sphere of responsibility; for instance, military pensions may be in the social security budget, and defence-related research and development in that for science; the cost of para-military forces may be borne by the Ministry of the Interior, and certain military infrastructure costs by the Transport Ministry. Because of this, NATO has devised certain criteria which attempt to itemize what defence expenditure should include to enable budgetary comparisons to be made (though countries may well find these criteria difficult to follow in practice). For NATO countries, therefore, there can be two defence expenditure figures: one based on NATO criteria, the other using national definitions.
(a. National definitions are used throughout this book, except in Tables 3 and 4 where the NATO definition is used.)
Differences in the valuation of defence activities principally concern the valuation of military manpower. In countries with conscription the conscript is invariably paid less than his true economic worth and so is, in effect, being taxed during his compulsory service -- which is a hidden cost of defence. Defence expenditure comparisons between countries with conscript forces and those with volunteer forces are therefore not strictly valid. However, comparisons between conscript countries are also dubious, since the effective tax rate on the conscript is likely to differ.
In addition to these points other factors also have to be taken into account. Firstly, national financial years do not necessarily coincide with calendar years and in any case differ between countries (NATO criteria adjust expenditure to a calendar year basis, to improve comparability). Secondly, a distinction has to be made between estimated and audited defence expenditures - that is between the amount it is envisaged will be spent in a given year (which may require parliamentary approval) and that actually spent. The extent to which estimates will differ from audited figures will vary between countries, especially under conditions of differential inflation. Moreover, not all countries raise their funds and spend them in the same year, as the United Kingdom does; some, like the United States, can carry forward unspent amounts. In the latter case, one must determine whether a quoted defence expenditure figure is (1) simply the amount requiring current parliamentary approval, (2) that amount plus a sum brought forward, or (3) an estimate of final expenditure after allowance has been made for carrying forward a fraction of the permitted expenditure to the following year.
A comparison of figures for 1973 calculated on NATO criteria and on national definitions shows just some of the disparities that can occur in the presentation of defence expenditure:
b. Calendar year.
c. Financial year 1 April-31 March.,
d. Estimate of Outlay; financial year 1 July 1973-30 June 1974.
Gross National Product GNP is valued according to one or both of two major criteria: at market prices (reflecting the value of the product as it appears to the final consumer) or factor cost, which is a real resource measure that deducts indirect taxes and adds subsidies to the market prices version. Factor cost - which NATO uses - is invariably lower than market price, which means that defence expenditure appears as a higher proportion of GNP.
Whilst these are the two major presentations of GNP, there are a great variety of accounting practices, both within countries and international organizations which produce GNP figures. The use of different practices will give, different results, sometimes significantly so. The figures used in the table below are from the European Statistical Office, but except in the case of the United States differ little from the International Monetary Fund figures generally used in Table 2 on pp. 78-9.
e. For the valuation of GNP used in this book see Readers' Notes, pp. vi-vii.
Comparisons The following table takes four NATO countries as an example and gives the variety of figures for defence expenditure expressed as a percentage of GNP that can result from calculating both expenditure and GNP by two different methods.
Широко используемым показателем экономического бремени обороны является доля оборонных расходов страны в валовом национальном продукте (ВНП). Без объяснения причин такая цифра может быть двусмысленной; как оборонные расходы, так и ВНП могут быть определены по-разному, что приводит к широкому диапазону возможных процентных показателей. Поэтому для международных сопоставлений, в частности, этот показатель следует использовать с полным пониманием основ, на которых он был рассчитан.
Оборонные расходы Различия могут возникать главным образом при определении масштабов оборонной деятельности и ее стоимостной оценке.
Установление определения того, какие расходы могут быть достоверно считаться оборонными - и в разных странах есть свои версии этого, которых сразу не сопоставимы. Как правило, оборонный бюджет страны - это просто расходы Министерства обороны. Однако не вся связанная с обороной деятельность может входить в сферу его ответственности; например, военные пенсии могут быть включены в бюджет социального обеспечения, а связанные с обороной научные исследования и разработки - в бюджет науки; расходы на полувоенные силы может нести Министерство внутренних дел, а некоторые расходы на военную инфраструктуру - Министерство транспорта. В связи с этим NATO разработала некоторые критерии, в которых делается попытка перечислить, какие расходы на оборону должны включать в себя бюджетные сравнения (хотя страны могут с трудом следовать этим критериям на практике). Таким образом, для стран NATO могут существовать две цифры расходов на оборону: одна - на основе критериев NATO, а другая-с использованием национальных определений.
(a. Национальные определения используются во всей книге, за исключением таблиц 3 и 4, где используется определение NATO.)
Различия в оценке деятельности обороны в основном касаются оценки военной силы. В странах с призывом на военную службу призывнику неизменно платят меньше, чем его истинная экономическая ценность, и, по сути, он облагается налогом во время его обязательной службы, что является скрытой стоимостью обороны. Поэтому сравнение расходов на оборону между странами с призывом и с добровольцами не строго действительны. Однако сравнения между странами с призывом также сомнительны, так как эффективная ставка налога на призывника, скорее всего, будет отличаться.
В дополнение к этим пунктам другие факторы также должны быть учтены. Во-первых, национальные финансовые годы не обязательно совпадают с календарными годами и в любом случае различаются между странами (критерии NATO корректируют расходы на основе календарного года, чтобы улучшить сопоставимость). Во - вторых, необходимо проводить различие между сметными и проверенными расходами на оборону, то есть между суммой, которая, как предполагается, будет израсходована в данном году (что может потребовать утверждения парламентом), и фактически израсходованной суммой. Степень, в которой оценки будут отличаться от проверенных данных, будет варьироваться между странами, особенно в условиях дифференцированной инфляции. Кроме того, не все страны собирают свои средства и расходуют их в том же году, как это делает Соединенное Королевство; некоторые, как и Соединенные Штаты, могут переносить неизрасходованные суммы. В последнем случае необходимо определить, является ли указанная цифра расходов на оборону (1) просто суммой, требующей утверждения нынешним парламентом, (2) этой суммой плюс перенесенная сумма или (3) оценкой окончательных расходов после того, как была сделана скидка на перенос части разрешенных расходов на следующий год.
Сопоставление данных за 1973 год, рассчитанных на основе критериев NATO и национальных определений, показывает лишь некоторые различия, которые могут иметь место при представлении оборонных расходов:
b. Календарный год.
c. Финансовый год 1 апреля-31 марта.,
d. Оценка затрат; финансовый год 1 июля 1973-30 июня 1974 года.
Валовой национальный продукт ВНП оценивается по одному или обоим из двух основных критериев: по рыночным ценам (отражающим стоимость продукта в том виде, в каком она представляется конечному потребителю) или по факторной стоимости, которая представляет собой показатель реальных ресурсов, вычитающий косвенные налоги и добавляющий субсидии к рыночным ценам. Стоимость факторов производства, которую использует NATO, неизменно ниже рыночной цены, что означает, что оборонные расходы составляют более высокую долю ВНП.
Хотя речь идет о двух основных видах представления ВНП, существует большое разнообразие методов учета как в странах, так и в международных организациях, которые производят данные о ВНП. Использование разных практик даст разные результаты, иногда значительно. Приведенные в таблице ниже цифры взяты из европейского статистического управления, однако, за исключением Соединенных Штатов, они мало отличаются от данных Международного Валютного Фонда, обычно используемых в таблице 2 на стр. 78-9.
e. Для оценки ВНП, используемой в этой книге, см. Примечания для читателей, стр. vi-vii.
Сравнения В следующей таблице занимает четыре страны NATO в качестве примера и дает различные показатели расходов на оборону, выраженная в процентах от ВНП в результате расчета, расходов и ВВП двумя различными методами.
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