Однако : другие произведения.

Ny

Самиздат: [Регистрация] [Найти] [Рейтинги] [Обсуждения] [Новинки] [Обзоры] [Помощь|Техвопросы]
Ссылки:
 Ваша оценка:
  
  New York
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  Jump to: navigation, search
  This article is about the U.S. state. For the city, see New York City. For other uses, see New York (disambiguation).
  "NY" redirects here. For other uses, see NY (disambiguation).
  Page semi-protected
  State of New York
  Flag of New York State seal of New York
  Flag Seal
  Nickname(s): The Empire State
  Motto(s): Excelsior (Latin)[1]
  Ever upward
  Map of the United States with New York highlighted
  Official language(s) None
  Spoken language(s) English (only) 71.8%
  Spanish 14.0%
  Others 14.1%[2]
  Demonym New Yorker
  Capital Albany
  Largest city New York City
  Largest metro New York City Metropolitan Area
  Area Ranked 27th in the U.S.
   - Total 54,556[3] sq mi
  (141,300 km2)
   - Width 285 miles (455 km)
   - Length 330 miles (530 km)
   - % water 13.5
   - Latitude 40№ 30′ N to 45№ 1′ N
   - Longitude 71№ 51′ W to 79№ 46′ W
  Population Ranked 3rd in the U.S.
   - Total 19,570,261 (2012 est)[4]
   - Density 412/sq mi (159/km2)
  Ranked 7th in the U.S.
  Elevation
   - Highest point Mount Marcy[5][6][7]
  5,344 ft (1628.85 m)
   - Mean 1,000 ft (304.8 m)
   - Lowest point Atlantic Ocean[6][7]
  sea level
  Admission to Union July 26, 1788 (11th)
  Governor Andrew Cuomo (D)
  Lieutenant Governor Robert Duffy (D)
  Legislature New York Legislature
   - Upper house State Senate
   - Lower house State Assembly
  U.S. Senators Chuck Schumer (D)
  Kirsten Gillibrand (D)
  U.S. House delegation 21 Democrats,
  6 Republicans (list)
  Time zone Eastern: UTC -5/-4
  Abbreviations NY US-NY
  Website www.ny.gov
  
  New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 7th-most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
  
  New York City, with a Census-estimated population of over 8.3 million in 2012,[8][9] is the most populous city in the United States.[10][11] Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, future King James II of England.
  
  New York was inhabited by various tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking Native Americans at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.
  
  The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. The state constitution was enacted in 1777. New York became the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.
  Contents
  
   1 History
   1.1 17th century
   1.2 American Revolution
   1.3 19th century
   1.4 Immigration
   2 Geography
   2.1 Climate
   2.2 State parks
   2.3 National Parks
   2.4 Regions
   2.5 Administrative divisions
   2.6 Cities and metro areas
   3 Demographics
   3.1 Population
   3.2 Racial and ancestral makeup
   3.3 Religion
   4 Economy
   5 Transportation
   6 Government
   6.1 Federal representation
   6.2 Capital punishment
   6.3 Politics
   7 Education
   8 Sports
   9 See also
   10 References
   11 Further reading
   12 External links
  
  History
  Main article: History of New York
  17th century
  See also: Province of New York
  
  Henry Hudson's 1609 voyage marked the beginning of the European involvement with that area. Sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year.[12] After his return word of his findings quickly spread and Dutch merchants began to explore the coast in search for profitable fur trade. During the 17th century, Dutch trading posts established for the trade of pelts from the Lenape, Iroquois and other indigenous peoples expanded into the colony of New Netherland. The first of these trading posts were Fort Nassau (1614, near present-day Albany); Fort Orange (1624, on the Hudson River just south of the current city of Albany and created to replace Fort Nassau), developing into settlement Beverwijck (1647), and into what became Albany; Fort Amsterdam (1625, to develop into the town New Amsterdam which is present-day New York City); and Esopus, (1653, now Kingston). The success of the patroonship of Rensselaerswyck (1630), which surrounded Albany and lasted until the mid 19th century, was also a key factor in the early success of the colony. The English captured the colony during the Second Anglo-Dutch War and governed it as the Province of New York. The city of New York was recaptured by the Dutch once again in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674) and renamed New Orange, but returned to the English under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster a year later.[13]
  American Revolution
  New York in 1777
  
  The Sons of Liberty were organized in New York City during the 1760s, largely in response to the oppressive Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament in 1765. The Stamp Act Congress met in the city on October 19 of that year: a gathering of representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies that set the stage for the Continental Congress to follow. The Stamp Act Congress resulted in the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which was the first written expression by representatives of the Americans of many of the rights and complaints later expressed in the United States Declaration of Independence, including the right to representative government.
  
  The Capture of Fort Ticonderoga provided the cannon and gunpowder necessary to force a British withdrawal from the Siege of Boston in 1775.
  
  New York endorsed the Declaration of Independence on July 9, 1776.[14] The New York state constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at White Plains, New York on July 10, 1776, and after repeated adjournments and changes of location, terminated its labors at Kingston, New York on Sunday evening, April 20, 1777, when the new constitution drafted by John Jay was adopted with but one dissenting vote. It was not submitted to the people for ratification. On July 30, 1777, George Clinton was inaugurated as the first Governor of New York at Kingston.
  
  The first major battle of the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared-and the largest battle of the entire war-was fought in New York at the Battle of Long Island (a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn) in August 1776. British victory made New York City their military and political base of operations in North America for the duration of the conflict, and consequently the center of attention for General George Washington's intelligence network.
  British general John Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga in 1777.
  
  The notorious British prison ships of Wallabout Bay saw more American combatants die of intentional neglect than were killed in combat in every battle of the war, combined.
  
  The first of two major British armies were captured by the Continental Army at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, influencing France to ally with the revolutionaries.
  
  In an attempt to retain their sovereignty and remain an independent nation positioned between the new United States and British North America, four of the Iroquois nations fought on the side of the British; only the Oneidas and their dependents the Tuscaroras allied themselves to the Americans.[15] The Sullivan Expedition of 1778 and 1779 destroyed nearly 50 Iroquois villages and adjacent croplands, forcing many refugees to British-held Niagara.[16] As allies of the British, the Iroquois were resettled in Canada after the war. In the treaty settlement, the British ceded most Indian lands to the new United States. Because New York made treaty with the Iroquois without getting Congressional approval, some of the land purchases are the subject of modern-day claims by the individual tribes. More than 5 million acres (20,000 km2) of former Iroquois territory was put up for sale in the years after the Revolutionary War, leading to rapid development in upstate New York.[17] As per the Treaty of Paris, the last vestige of British authority in the former Thirteen Colonies-their troops in New York City-departed in 1783, which was long afterwards celebrated as Evacuation Day.[18]
  
  New York City was the national capital under the first attempt at a national government, the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. That government was found to be insufficient, and prominent New Yorker Alexander Hamilton advocated for a new government that would included an executive, national courts, and the power to tax. Hamilton led the Annapolis Convention (1786) which called for the Philadelphia Convention that created the United States Constitution, and he also participated in. The new government would create a strong federal national government to replace the relatively weaker government by confederation of individual states. Following heated debate, which included the publication of the now quintessential constitutional interpretation-the Federalist Papers-as a series of installments in New York City newspapers, New York was the 11th state to ratify the United States Constitution, on July 26, 1788.[19] New York remained the national capital under the new constitution until 1790, and was the site of the inauguration of President George Washington, the drafting of United States Bill of Rights, and the first session of the United States Supreme Court. Hamilton's revival of the heavily indebted United States economy after the war and the creation of a national bank significantly contributed to New York City becoming the center of finance in the new nation.
  19th century
  The creation of the Erie Canal led to rapid industrialization in New York.
  
  Transportation in western New York was difficult before canals were built in the early part of the 19th century. The Hudson and Mohawk Rivers could be navigated only as far as Central New York. While the Saint Lawrence River could be navigated to Lake Ontario, the way westward to the other Great Lakes was blocked by Niagara Falls, and so the only route to western New York was over land.
  
  Governor DeWitt Clinton strongly advocated building a canal to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie, and thus all of the Great Lakes. Work commenced in 1817, and the Erie Canal was finished in 1825. It was considered an engineering marvel. Packet boats traveled up and down the canal with sightseers and visitors on board.[20] The canal opened up vast areas of New York to commerce and settlement. It enabled Great Lakes port cities such as Buffalo and Rochester to grow and prosper. It also connected the burgeoning agricultural production of the Midwest and shipping on the Great Lakes, with the port of New York City. Improving transportation, it enabled additional population migration to territories west of New York.
  
  During the American Civil War, New York provided more than 370,000 soldiers to the Union armies. Over 53,000 New Yorkers died in service, roughly 1 of every 7 who served.[21]
  Immigration
  Main article: Ellis Island
  Castle Garden when it operated as New York's first immigrant depot. Over 8 million immigrants passed through these doors.
  Ellis Island in 1905
  File:Ellis Island immigration footage.ogg
  Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island
  
  New York City was the main immigration port of entry into the United States from the early 19th century until the middle of the 20th century. In the United States, although immigration acts had been passed, there was no formal routine for implementing immigration policy on a national level until the federal government assumed direct jurisdiction in 1890. Prior to this time the matter was delegated to the individual states then via contract between the states with the federal government. Most immigrants to New York would disembark at the bustling docks along the Hudson and East Rivers, in what is today Downtown Manhattan. On May 4, 1847 the New York State Legislature created the Board of Commissioners of Immigration to regulate immigration.[22]
  
  The first permanent immigration depot in New York was established in 1855 at Castle Garden; a converted War of 1812 era fort located at the Battery at the tip of Manhattan, which is today in Battery Park. The first immigrants to arrive at the new depot were onboard three ships that had just been released from quarantine.Castle garden would serve as New York's immigrant depot until it closed on April 18, 1890 when the federal government assumed control over immigration. During that period of time more than 8 million immigrants passed through its doors (two out of every three U.S. immigrants).[23]
  
  When the federal government assumed control over immigration it established the Bureau of Immigration which chose the three-acre Ellis Island in Upper New York Harbor. The island; already a federal possession had served as an ammunition depot. It was chosen due its relative isolation as an island yet it was still in close proximity to New York City and the rail lines of Jersey City, New Jersey, via a short ferry ride. The island needed improvements including expansion via land reclamation, prior to being used, so the federal government operated a temporary depot at the Barge Office at the Battery.[24]
  
  Ellis Island opened on January 1, 1892, and operated as a central immigration center until the National Origins Act was passed in 1924, then the only immigrants to pass through there were displaced persons or war refugees. The island ceased all immigration processing on November 12, 1954 when the last person detained on the island, a Norwegian seaman named Arne Peterssen who had overstayed his shore leave was released. He left on the 10:15 a.m. Manhattan-bound ferry to return to his ship.
  
  More than 12 million immigrants had passed through Ellis Island, between 1892 and 1954 and today, over 100 million Americans can trace their ancestry to the immigrants, who first arrived in America through Castle Clinton and Ellis Island, before settling throughout the United States.
  
  Ellis Island was the subject of a contentious and long-running border dispute between New York State and the State of New Jersey over within whose borders the island lies. The issue was settled in 1998 by the U.S. Supreme Court which ruled that the original 3.3 acre island was New York State territory and that the balance of the 27.5 acres (11 ha) added after 1834 by landfill was in New Jersey.[25]
  
  Today the island is still owned by the Federal government, it was added to the National Park system in May 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and is part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Ellis Island was opened to the public as a museum of immigration in 1990.[26]
  Geography
  Main article: Geography of New York
  New York terrain.
  Map of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers.
  
  New York covers 54,556 square miles (141,300 km2) and ranks as the 27th largest state by size.[3] The Great Appalachian Valley dominates eastern New York, while Lake Champlain is the chief northern feature of the valley, which also includes the Hudson River flowing southward to the Atlantic Ocean. The rugged Adirondack Mountains, with vast tracts of wilderness, lie west of the valley.
  
  Most of the southern part of the state is on the Allegheny Plateau, which rises from the southeast to the Catskill Mountains. The western section of the state is drained by the Allegheny River and rivers of the Susquehanna and Delaware systems. The Delaware River Basin Compact, signed in 1961 by New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the federal government, regulates the utilization of water of the Delaware system. The highest elevation in New York is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks.[27]
  
  New York's borders touch (clockwise from the west) two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario, which are connected by the Niagara River); the provinces of Ontario and Quebec in Canada; Lake Champlain; three New England states (Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut); the Atlantic Ocean, and two Mid-Atlantic states, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In addition, Rhode Island shares a water border with New York. New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, and is the second-largest of the original Thirteen Colonies.
  
  In contrast with New York City's urban atmosphere, the vast majority of the state is dominated by farms, forests, rivers, mountains, and lakes. New York's Adirondack Park is the largest state park in the United States. It is larger than the Yellowstone, Yosemite, Grand Canyon, Glacier and Olympic National Parks combined.[28] New York established the first state park in the United States at Niagara Falls in 1885. Niagara Falls, on the Niagara River as it flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, is a popular attraction.
  
  The Hudson River begins at Lake Tear of the Clouds and flows south through the eastern part of the state without draining Lakes George or Champlain. Lake George empties at its north end into Lake Champlain, whose northern end extends into Canada, where it drains into the Richelieu and then the Saint Lawrence Rivers. Four of New York City's five boroughs are on three islands at the mouth of the Hudson River: Manhattan Island; Staten Island; and Long Island, which contains Brooklyn and Queens on its western end.
  
  Upstate and downstate are often used informally to distinguish New York City or its greater metropolitan area from the rest of New York State. The placement of a boundary between the two is a matter of great contention.[29] Unofficial and loosely defined regions of Upstate New York include the Southern Tier, which often includes the counties along the border with Pennsylvania,[30] and the North Country, which can mean anything from the strip along the Canadian border to everything north of the Mohawk River.[31]
  Climate
  Main article: Climate of New York
  Lake-effect snow is a major contributor to snowfall totals in western New York.
  
  In general, New York has a humid continental climate, though under the Köppen climate classification, New York City has a humid subtropical climate.[32] Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two continental air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest.
  
  The winters are long and cold in the Plateau Divisions of the state. In the majority of winter seasons, a temperature of −13 №F (−25 №C) or lower can be expected in the northern highlands (Northern Plateau) and 5 №F (−15 №C) or colder in the southwestern and east-central highlands (Southern Plateau). The summer climate is cool in the Adirondacks, Catskills and higher elevations of the Southern Plateau.
  
  The New York City/Long Island area and lower portions of the Hudson Valley have rather warm summers by comparison, with some periods of high, uncomfortable humidity. The remainder of New York State enjoys pleasantly warm summers, marred by only occasional, brief intervals of sultry conditions. Summer daytime temperatures usually range from the upper 70s to mid 80s №F (25 to 30 №C), over much of the state.
  
  New York ranks 46th among the 50 states in the amount of greenhouse gases generated per person. This relative efficiency is primarily due to the state's higher rate of mass transit use.[33]
  
   Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various New York cities (№F)[34] (Fahrenheit) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
   Albany max
   min 31
   13 34
   16 44
   25 57
   36 70
   46 78
   55 82
   60 80
   58 71
   50 60
   39 48
   31 36
   20
   Binghamton max
   min 28
   15 31
   17 41
   25 53
   35 66
   46 73
   54 78
   59 76
   57 68
   50 57
   40 44
   31 33
   21
   Buffalo max
   min 31
   18 33
   19 42
   26 54
   36 66
   48 75
   57 80
   62 78
   60 70
   53 59
   43 47
   34 36
   24
   Lake Placid max
   min 27
   5 32
   8 40
   16 54
   29 66
   39 74
   48 78
   53 76
   51 69
   44 56
   34 44
   25 32
   12
   Long Beach max
   min 39
   23 40
   24 48
   31 58
   40 69
   49 77
   60 83
   66 82
   64 75
   57 64
   45 54
   36 44
   28
   New York City max
   min 38
   26 41
   28 50
   35 61
   44 71
   54 79
   63 84
   69 82
   68 75
   60 64
   50 53
   41 43
   32
   Rochester max
   min 31
   17 33
   17 43
   25 55
   35 68
   46 77
   55 81
   60 79
   59 71
   51 60
   41 47
   33 36
   23
   Syracuse max
   min 31
   14 34
   16 43
   24 56
   35 68
   46 77
   55 82
   60 80
   59 71
   51 60
   40 47
   32 36
   21
   Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various New York cities (№C) (Celsius) City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
   Albany max
   min −1
   −11 1
   −9 7
   −4 14
   2 21
   8 26
   13 28
   16 27
   14 22
   10 16
   4 9
   −1 2
   −7
   Binghamton max
   min −2
   −9 −1
   −8 5
   −4 12
   2 19
   8 23
   12 26
   15 24
   14 20
   10 14
   4 7
   −1 1
   −6
   Buffalo max
   min −1
   −8 1
   −7 6
   −3 12
   2 19
   9 24
   14 27
   17 26
   16 21
   12 15
   6 8
   1 2
   −4
   Lake Placid max
   min −3
   −15 0
   −13 4
   −9 12
   −2 19
   4 23
   9 26
   12 24
   11 21
   7 13
   1 7
   −4 0
   −11
   Long Beach max
   min 4
   −5 4
   −4 9
   −1 14
   4 21
   9 25
   16 28
   19 28
   18 24
   14 18
   7 12
   2 7
   −2
   New York City max
   min 3
   −3 5
   −2 10
   2 16
   7 22
   12 26
   17 29
   21 28
   20 24
   16 18
   10 12
   5 6
   0
   Rochester max
   min −1
   −8 1
   −8 6
   −4 13
   2 20
   8 25
   13 27
   16 26
   15 22
   11 16
   5 8
   1 2
   −5
   Syracuse max
   min −1
   −10 1
   −9 6
   −4 13
   2 20
   8 25
   13 28
   16 27
   15 22
   11 16
   4 8
   0 2
   −6
   Converted from Fahrenheit data (above)
  
  State parks
  See also: List of New York state parks and New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
  Two major parks in the state are the Adirondack Park and Catskill Park.
  Chimney Bluffs State Park on the shores of Lake Ontario in Wayne County.
  
  New York has many state parks and two major forest preserves. Adirondack Park, roughly the size of the state of Vermont and the largest state park in the United States, was established in 1892 and given state constitutional protection to remain "forever wild" in 1894. The thinking that led to the creation of the Park first appeared in George Perkins Marsh's Man and Nature, published in 1864. Marsh argued that deforestation could lead to desertification; referring to the clearing of once-lush lands surrounding the Mediterranean, he asserted "the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon."
  
  The Catskill Park was protected in legislation passed in 1885,[35] which declared that its land was to be conserved and never put up for sale or lease. Consisting of 700,000 acres (2,800 km2) of land,[35] the park is a habitat for bobcats, minks and fishers. There are some 400 black bears living in the region. The state operates numerous campgrounds and there are over 300 miles (480 km) of multi-use trails in the Park.
  
  The Montauk Point State Park boasts the 1797 Montauk Lighthouse, commissioned under President George Washington, which is a major tourist attraction on the easternmost tip of Long Island. Hither Hills park offers camping and is a popular destination with surfcasting sport fishermen.
  National Parks
  Statue of Liberty
  African Burial Ground National Monument
  General Shuyler's house at Saratoga National Historical Park.
  
  The State of New York is well represented in the National Park System with 22 national parks which received 16,349,381 visitors in 2011. In addition there are 4 National Heritage Areas, 27 National Natural Landmarks, 262 National Historic Landmarks and 5,379 listings on the National Register of Historic Places.
  
   Statue of Liberty National Monument includes Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. The statue designed by Frédéric Bartholdi, was a gift from France to the United States to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence and was dedicated in New York Harbor on October 28, 1886. It has since become one of the most iconic representations of the United States and the concept of democracy and freedom.
   African Burial Ground National Monument in Lower Manhattan (New York City) is the only National Monument dedicated to Americans of African ancestry. It preserves a site containing the remains of more than 400 Africans buried during the late 17th and 18th centuries in a portion of what was the largest colonial-era cemetery for people of African descent both free and enslaved. The site's excavation and study was called "the most important historic urban archeological project in the United States.
   Niagara Falls National Heritage Area was designated by Congress in 2008, it stretches from the western boundary of Wheatfield, New York to the mouth of the Niagara River on Lake Ontario, including the communities of Niagara Falls, Youngstown, and Lewiston and includes Niagara Falls State Park and Colonial Niagara Historic District. Though recognized as nationally significant, the area is not managed by the National Park Service.
   General Grant National Memorial is the final resting place of President Ulysses S. Grant, and is the largest mausoeluem in North America.
   Hamilton Grange National Memorial preserves the home of Alexander Hamilton, caribbean immigrant and orphan who rose to be a United States founding father and indispensable partner to George Washington.
   Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site is the birthplace and childhood home of President Theodore Roosevelt, the only US President born in New York City.
   Gateway National Recreation Area is over 26,000 acres (10,522 ha) of water, marshes, and shoreline at the entrance to New York Harbor, the majority of which lies within New York. It covers more area than two Manhattan Islands.
   Fire Island National Seashore is a United States National Seashore that protects a 26-mile (42 km) section of Fire Island, an approximately 30-mile (48 km) long barrier island separated from Long Island by the Great South Bay. The island is part of New York state's Suffolk County.
   Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site preserves the Springwood estate in Hyde Park, New York, United States. Springwood was the birthplace, lifelong home, and burial place of the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. The National Historic Site was established in 1945.
   Saratoga National Historical Park preserves the site of the Battles of Saratoga, the first significant American military victory of the American Revolutionary War. Here in 1777, American forces met, defeated, and forced a major British Army to surrender, an event which led France to recognize the independence of the United States, and enter the war as a decisive military ally of the struggling Americans.
  
  Niagara Falls in the Niagara Falls National Heritage Area
  Regions
  Main article: List of regions of the United States#New York
  Economic regions of New York
  
  Due to its long history, the state of New York has several overlapping (and often conflicting) definitions of regions within the state. This is further exacerbated by the colloquial use of such regional labels. The New York State Department of Economic Development provides two distinct definitions of these regions. They divide the state into ten economic regions,[36] which approximately correspond to terminology used by local residents:
  
   Western New York
   Finger Lakes
   Southern Tier
   Central New York
   North Country
   Mohawk Valley
   Capital District
   Hudson Valley
   New York City
   Long Island
  
  Tourism regions of New York
  
  The Department of Economic Development also groups the counties into eleven regions for tourism purposes:[37]
  
   Chautauqua-Allegheny
   Niagara Frontier
   Finger Lakes
   Thousand Islands
   Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
   Adirondack Mountains
   Capital District
   Catskill Mountains
   Hudson Valley
   New York City
   Long Island
  
  Administrative divisions
  Map of the counties in New York
  Main article: Administrative divisions of New York
  Further information: List of counties in New York, List of towns in New York, List of villages in New York, and List of census-designated places in New York
  
  New York is divided into 62 counties. Aside from the five counties of New York City, each of these counties is subdivided into towns and cities. Towns can contain incorporated villages or unincorporated hamlets.
  
  In New York City, each county is coterminous with a city borough.
  Cities and metro areas
  Main article: List of cities in New York
  
  There are 62 cities in New York. The largest city in the state and the most populous city in the United States is New York City, which comprises five counties (boroughs): Bronx, New York (Manhattan), Queens, Kings (Brooklyn), and Richmond (Staten Island). New York City is home to more than two-fifths of the state's population.
  
  
   v
   t
   e
  
  Largest cities or towns of New York
  http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-NewYork.html
   Rank City name County Pop.
  New York City
  New York City
  
  Buffalo
  Buffalo
   1 New York City multiple 8,175,133 Rochester
  Rochester
  
  Yonkers
  Yonkers
  2 Buffalo Erie 261,310
  3 Rochester Monroe 210,565
  4 Yonkers Westchester 195,976
  5 Syracuse Onondaga 145,170
  6 Albany Albany 97,856
  7 New Rochelle Westchester 77,062
  8 Mount Vernon Westchester 67,292
  9 Schenectady Schenectady 66,135
  10 Utica Oneida 62,239
  
  In New York, as is the case in most older states, the metropolitan statistical area is a more accurate gauge of the state's population centers, as newly urbanized areas due to sprawl were not absorbed into their corresponding city proper. The following are the twelve largest metro areas in the state:[38]
  
   New York City (18,897,109 in NY/NJ/PA, 12,368,525 in NY)
   Buffalo-Niagara Falls (1,135,509)
   Rochester (1,054,323)
   Albany and the Capital District (870,716)
   Poughkeepsie and the Hudson Valley (670,301)
   Syracuse (662,577)
   Utica-Rome (299,397)
   Binghamton (251,725)
   Kingston (182,493)
   Glens Falls (128,923)
   Ithaca (101,564)
   Elmira (88,830)
  
  The southern tip of New York State (New York City, Long Island, and the southern portion of the Hudson Valley) can be considered to form the central core of the Northeast megalopolis, a super-city stretching from the northern suburbs of Boston south to the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.
  
  The location of the major cities within the state stays remarkably true to the key transportation and trade routes in the early 19th century, primarily the Erie Canal and railroads paralleling it. Today, Interstate 90 acts as a modern counterpart to commercial water routes.
  
  The smallest city is Sherrill, New York, located just west of the Town of Vernon in Oneida County. Albany is the state capital, and the Town of Hempstead is the civil township with the largest population. If it were a city, it would be the second largest in the state with over 700,000 residents.
  Demographics
  Historical populations
  Census Pop. %Ђ
  1790 340,120
  -
  1800 589,051 73.2%
  1810 959,049 62.8%
  1820 1,372,812 43.1%
  1830 1,918,608 39.8%
  1840 2,428,921 26.6%
  1850 3,097,394 27.5%
  1860 3,880,735 25.3%
  1870 4,382,759 12.9%
  1880 5,082,871 16.0%
  1890 6,003,174 18.1%
  1900 7,268,894 21.1%
  1910 9,113,614 25.4%
  1920 10,385,227 14.0%
  1930 12,588,066 21.2%
  1940 13,479,142 7.1%
  1950 14,830,192 10.0%
  1960 16,782,304 13.2%
  1970 18,236,967 8.7%
  1980 17,558,072 −3.7%
  1990 17,990,455 2.5%
  2000 18,976,457 5.5%
  2010 19,378,102 2.1%
  Est. 2012 19,570,261 1.0%
  Sources: 1910-2010 1790-1900[39]
  Main article: Demographics of New York
  Population
  New York population distribution map
  
  The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of New York was 19,570,261 on July 1, 2012, a 1.0% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[4] In spite of the open land in the state, New York's population is very urban, with 92% of residents living in an urban area.[40]
  
  New York is a slowly growing state with a large rate of domestic migration to other states. In 2000 and 2005, more people moved from New York to Florida than from any one state to another.[41] However, New York State is one of the leading destinations for international immigration and thus has the second largest immigrant population in the country of the American states, at 4.2 million as of 2008. Although Upstate New York also receives considerable immigration, most of the state's immigrants settle in and around New York City, due to its vibrant economy and cosmopolitan culture.
  
  The center of population of New York is located in Orange County, in the town of Deerpark.[42] New York City and its eight suburban counties (excluding those in New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania) have a combined population of 13,209,006 people, or 68.42% of the state's population.[43]
  Racial and ancestral makeup
  New York population ethnicity map
  The Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠).
  Brooklyn's growing Jewish community is the largest in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals.[44]
  
  According to the US Census Bureau, the 2010 racial makeup of New York State was as follows:[45]
  
   White American - 65.7%
   Black or African American - 15.9%
   Asian American - 7.3% (3.0% Chinese, 1.6% Indian, 0.7% Korean, 0.5% Filipino, 0.3% Pakistani, 0.3% Bangladeshi, 0.2% Japanese, 0.1% Vietnamese)
   Multiracial Americans - 3.0%
   Native American/American Indian - 0.6%
   Some other race - 7.5%
  
  The major ancestry groups in New York State are Hispanic and Latino Americans (17.6%), African American (15.8%), Italian (14.4%), Irish (12.9%), German (11.1%) and English (6%).[46] According to a 2010 estimate, 21.7% of the population is foreign-born.[45]
  
  The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 94.6% in 1940 to 58.3% in 2010.[45][47] As of 2011, 55.6% of New York's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[48]
  
  New York is home to the largest African-American population and the second largest Asian-American population in the United States. In addition it is home to the largest Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Jamaican American populations in the continental United States. The New York City neighborhood of Harlem has historically been a major cultural capital for African-Americans of sub-Saharan descent, and Bedford-Stuyvesant in Brooklyn is the largest such population in the United States.
  
  Queens, also in New York City, is home to the state's largest Asian-American population, and is also the most diverse county in the United States. The second highest volume of Asian-Americans is in Manhattan's Chinatown. The neighborhood of Flushing in Queens is also a prime center of Chinese and Korean populations, as well as businesses owned by and catering to its Asian-American community. Queens is home to the largest Andean population (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian and Bolivian) population in the United States.
  
  In the 2000 Census, Italian Americans made up the largest ancestral group in Staten Island and Long Island, followed by Irish Americans. Albany and southeast-central New York also have populations with many of Irish-American and Italian-American descent. In Buffalo and western New York, German Americans are the largest group; in the northern tip of the state, French Canadians are. Americans of English ancestry are present throughout all of upstate New York. New York State has a higher number of Italian Americans than any other U.S. state.
  
  6.5% of New York's population were under 5 years of age, 24.7% under 18, and 12.9% were 65 or older. Females made up 51.8% of the population.
  
  According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 13.61% of the population aged 5 and over speak Spanish at home, while 2.04% speak Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.65% Italian, and 1.23% Russian.[49]
  Religion
  
  Catholics comprise more than 40% of the population in New York.[50] Protestants are 30% of the population, Jews 8.4%, Muslims 3.5%, Buddhists 1%, and 13% claim no religious affiliation. The largest Protestant denominations are the United Methodist Church with 403,362; the American Baptist Churches USA with 203,297; and the Episcopal Church with 201,797 adherents.[51]
  Economy
  Main article: Economy of New York
  See also: New York locations by per capita income
  New York quarter, reverse side, 2001.jpg
  The New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalization of its listed companies.[52]
  LineartPresRev.png
  Midtown Manhattan in New York City, the largest central business district in the United States
  A dairy farm in Brunswick
  
  New York's gross state product in 2010 was $1.16 trillion, ranking third in size behind the larger states of California and Texas.[53] If New York were an independent nation, it would rank as the 16th largest economy in the world behind Turkey. Its 2007 per capita personal income was $46,364, placing it sixth in the nation behind Maryland, and eighth in the world behind Ireland. New York's agricultural outputs are dairy products, cattle and other livestock, vegetables, nursery stock, and apples. Its industrial outputs are printing and publishing, scientific instruments, electric equipment, machinery, chemical products, and tourism.
  
  A recent review by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities found 13 states, including several of the nation's largest, face budget shortfalls for FY2009. New York faces a deficit that could be as large as $4.3 billion.[54]
  
  New York exports a wide variety of goods such as foodstuffs, commodities, minerals, computers and electronics, cut diamonds, and automobile parts. In 2007, the state exported a total of $71.1 billion worth of goods, with the five largest foreign export markets being Canada ($15 billion), United Kingdom ($6 billion), Switzerland ($5.9 billion), Israel ($4.9 billion), and Hong Kong ($3.4 billion). New York's largest imports are oil, gold, aluminum, natural gas, electricity, rough diamonds, and lumber.
  
  The state also has a large manufacturing sector that includes printing and the production of garments, furs, railroad equipment and bus line vehicles. Many of these industries are concentrated in upstate regions. Albany and the Hudson Valley are major centers of nanotechnology and microchip manufacturing, while the Rochester area is important in photographic equipment and imaging.
  
  New York is a major agricultural producer, ranking among the top five states for agricultural products such as dairy, apples, cherries, cabbage, potatoes, onions, maple syrup and many others. The state is the largest producer of cabbage in the U.S. The state has about a quarter of its land in farms and produced US$3.4 billion in agricultural products in 2001. The south shore of Lake Ontario provides the right mix of soils and microclimate for many apple, cherry, plum, pear and peach orchards. Apples are also grown in the Hudson Valley and near Lake Champlain.
  
  New York is the nation's third-largest grape-producing state, behind California, and second-largest wine producer by volume. The south shore of Lake Erie and the southern Finger Lakes hillsides have many vineyards. In addition, the North Fork of Long Island developed vineyards, production and visitors' facilities in the last three decades of the 20th century. In 2004, New York's wine and grape industry brought US$6 billion into the state economy.
  
  The state has 30,000 acres (120 km2) of vineyards, 212 wineries, and produced 200 million bottles of wine in 2004. A moderately sized saltwater commercial fishery is located along the Atlantic side of Long Island. The principal catches by value are clams, lobsters, squid, and flounder. These areas of the economy have been increasing as environmental protection has led to an increase in ocean wildlife.
  
  As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 8.8%.[55]
  
  Canada is a very important economic partner for the state. 21% of the state's total worldwide exports went to Canada in 2007. Tourism from the north is also a large part of the economy. Canadians spent US$487 million in 2004 while visiting the state.
  
  New York City is the leading center of banking, finance and communication in the United States and is the location of the New York Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the world by dollar volume. Many of the world's largest corporations are based in the city.
  Transportation
  Main article: Transportation in New York
  New York State Thruway
  The Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge carries I-87 over the Mohawk River
  The New York City Subway serves more than 5 million rides on a given weekday
  
  New York has one of the most extensive and one of the oldest transportation infrastructures in the country. Engineering difficulties because of the terrain of the state and the unique issues of the city brought on by urban crowding have had to be overcome since the state was young. Population expansion of the state generally followed the path of the early waterways, first the Hudson River and then the Erie Canal. Today, railroad lines and the New York State Thruway follow the same general route. The New York State Department of Transportation is often criticized for how they maintain the roads of the state in certain areas and for the fact that the tolls collected along the roadway have long passed their original purpose. Until 2006, tolls were collected on the Thruway within The City of Buffalo. They were dropped late in 2006 during the campaign for Governor (both candidates called for their removal).
  
  In addition to New York City's famous mass transit subway, four suburban commuter railroad systems enter and leave the city: the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, Port Authority Trans-Hudson, and five of New Jersey Transit's rail lines. Many other cities have urban and regional public transportation. In Buffalo, the Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority runs the Buffalo Metro Rail light-rail system; in Rochester, the Rochester Subway operated from 1927 until 1956 but has fallen into disuse.
  License plate introduced on April 1, 2010 for vehicles registered in New York State.
  
  The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (NYSDMV or DMV) is the governmental agency responsible for registering and inspecting automobiles and other motor vehicles as well as licensing drivers in the State of New York. As of 2008, the NYSDMV has 11,284,546 drivers licenses on file[56] and 10,697,644 vehicle registrations in force.[57] All gasoline powered vehicles registered in New York State must get an emissions inspection every 12 months. Diesel powered vehicles with a Gross Weight Rating over 8 500 lb that are registered in the NY Metropolitan Area must get an annual emissions inspection. All vehicles registered in NYS must get an annual safety inspection.
  
  Portions of the transportation system are intermodal, allowing travelers to easily switch from one mode of transportation to another. One of the most notable examples is AirTrain JFK which allows rail passengers to travel directly to terminals at John F. Kennedy International Airport.
  
  In May 2009, the New York City Department of Transportation under the control of Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan banned cars from Times Square in a move designed to improve traffic flow and reduce pollution and pedestrian accidents.[58] On February 11, 2010, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that the pedestrian plazas would remain permanent.[59]
  Government
  Main article: Government of New York
  Presidential Election Results Year Democratic Republican
   2012 63.32% 4,471,871 35.19% 2,485,432
   2008 62.88% 4,804,945 36.03% 2,752,771
   2004 58.37% 4,314,280 40.08% 2,962,567
   2000 60.21% 4,107,907 35.23% 2,403,374
   1996 59.47% 3,756,177 30.61% 1,933,492
   1992 49.73% 3,444,450 33.88% 2,346,649
   1988 51.62% 3,347,882 47.52% 3,081,871
   1984 45.83% 3,119,609 53.84% 3,664,763
   1980 43.99% 2,728,372 46.66% 2,893,831
   1976 51.95% 3,389,558 47.52% 3,100,791
   1972 41.21% 2,951,084 58.54% 4,192,778
   1968 49.76% 3,378,470 44.30% 3,007,932
   1964 68.56% 4,913,156 31.31% 2,243,559
   1960 52.53% 3,830,085 47.27% 3,446,419
  The New York State Capitol building in Albany.
  
  Under its present constitution (adopted in 1938), New York is governed by the same three branches that govern all fifty states of the United States: the executive branch, consisting of the Governor of New York and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral New York State Legislature (senate and assembly); and the judicial branch, consisting of the state's highest court, the New York Court of Appeals, and lower courts. The state has two U.S. senators, 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its 47 votes during the 1940s).
  
  New York's capital is Albany. The state's subordinate political units are its 62 counties. Other officially incorporated governmental units are towns, cities, and villages. New York has more than 4,200 local governments that take one of these forms. About 52% of all revenue raised by local governments in the state is raised solely by the government of New York City, which is the largest municipal government in the United States, whereas New York City houses only 42% of the state population.[60]
  
  The state has a strong imbalance of payments with the federal government. New York State receives 82 cents in services for every $1 it sends in taxes to the federal government in Washington.[61] The state ranks near the bottom, in 42nd place, in federal spending per tax dollar.[62]
  
  Many of New York's public services are carried out by public-benefit corporations, frequently called authorities or development corporations. Well known public benefit corporations in New York include the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which oversees New York City's public transportation system, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, a bi-state transportation infrastructure agency.
  
  By a statute of reception, New York's legal system is explicitly based upon the common law of England. English decisions are regarded as highly persuasive precedent in New York where New York and English law have not substantially diverged, and reciprocally English judges have frequently made direct or indirect reference to New York law, and particularly decisions of the New York Court of Appeals in determining cases based chiefly on the common law in areas novel to England.
  Federal representation
  See also: Current United States congressional delegation from New York and New York's congressional districts
  
  As of the 2000 census and the redistricting for the 2002 elections, the state has 29 members in the United States House of Representatives, and two U.S. senators. Two seats in the House will be lost in 2013 due to a decline in the state's rate of population growth.[63] New York has 31 electoral votes in national presidential elections (a drop from its highest of 47 votes from 1933 to 1953).
  
  New York is represented by Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand in the United States Senate and has 29 representatives to the United States House of Representatives, behind California's 53 congressional districts and Texas' 32 congressional districts.
  Capital punishment
  Main article: Capital punishment in New York
  
  Capital punishment was reintroduced in 1995 under the Pataki administration but the statute was declared unconstitutional in 2004, when the New York Court of Appeals ruled in People v. LaValle that it violated the state constitution. The remaining death sentence was commuted by the court to life imprisonment in 2007, in People v. John Taylor, and the death row was disestablished in 2008, under executive order from Governor Paterson. No execution has taken place in New York since 1963. Legislative efforts to amend the statute have failed, and death sentences are no longer sought at the state level, though certain crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government are subject to the federal death penalty.[64][65][66]
  Politics
  Andrew Cuomo (D) is the current Governor of New York.
  Main articles: Politics of New York, Elections in New York, Political party strength in New York, and New York's congressional districts
  
  In the last few decades, New York State has generally supported candidates belonging to the Democratic Party in national elections. Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama won New York State by 25 percentage points in 2008, a bigger margin than John Kerry in 2004. New York City is a major Democratic stronghold with liberal politics. Many of the state's other urban areas, such as Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse are also Democratic. Rural upstate New York, however, is generally more conservative than the cities and tends to favor Republicans. Heavily populated Suburban areas such as Westchester County and Long Island have swung between the major parties over the past 25 years, but more often than not support Democrats.
  
  Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[67]
  
  New York City is the most important source of political fund-raising in the United States for both major parties. Four of the top five zip codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2000 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[68]
  Education
  Main article: Education in New York
  System Administration Building of the State University of New York in Albany
  
  The University of the State of New York oversees all public primary, middle-level, and secondary education in the state, while the New York City Department of Education manages the public school system in New York City. In 1894, reflecting general racial discrimination, the state passed a law that allowed communities to set up schools for children of African-American descent. In 1900, the state passed another law requiring integrated schools.[69]
  
  At the post-secondary level, the statewide public university system is the State University of New York commonly referred to as SUNY. New York City also has its own City University of New York which is additionally funded by the city. The SUNY system consists of 64 community colleges, technical colleges, undergraduate colleges, and doctoral-granting institutions including several universities. The four SUNY university centers, offering a wide array of academic programs, are University at Albany, Binghamton University, University at Buffalo and Stony Brook University.
  
  In addition there are many notable private universities, including the oldest Catholic institution in the Northeast, Fordham University. New York is home to both Columbia University in New York City and Cornell University in Ithaca, making it the only state to contain more than one Ivy League school. Syracuse University is located in the City of Syracuse in Central New York. West Point, the service academy of the U.S. Army is located just south of Newburgh, on the banks of the Hudson River.
  
  During the 2007-2008 school year, New York spent more per pupil on public education than any other state.[70]
  Sports
  Main article: Sports in New York
  
  New York hosted the 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid. The 1980 Games are known for the USA-USSR hockey game dubbed the "Miracle on Ice" in which a group of American college students and amateurs defeated the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team 4-3 and went on to win the gold medal against Finland. Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Innsbruck, Austria, Lake Placid is one of the three cities to have hosted the Winter Olympic Games twice. New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics but lost to London.
  
  New York is the home of one National Football League team, the Buffalo Bills (based in the suburb of Orchard Park). Although the New York Giants and New York Jets represent the New York metropolitan area and were previously located in New York City, they play in MetLife Stadium, located in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands stadium will host Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014. There was much controversy over several proposals for a new New York Jets football stadium. The owners of the New York Jets were willing to split the $1.5 billion cost of building a new football stadium over Manhattan's West Side rail yards, but the proposal never came to fruition.
  
  New York also has two Major League Baseball teams, the New York Yankees (based in the Bronx) and the New York Mets (based in Queens). New York is home to three National Hockey League franchises: the New York Rangers in Manhattan, the New York Islanders on Long Island and the Buffalo Sabres in Buffalo. New York has two National Basketball Association teams, the New York Knicks in Manhattan, and the Brooklyn Nets in Brooklyn. There are a variety of minor league teams that can be found all through the State of New York, such as the Long Island Ducks.
  [show]List of all New York State professional sports teams
  See also
  
   Bibliography of New York
   Outline of New York - organized list of topics about New York
   Index of New York-related articles
  
  References
  
   ^ "New York State Motto". New York State Library. January 29, 2001. Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-11-16.
   ^ . MLA Data Center - Languages http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results; - Languages. Retrieved 2012-06-04. Missing or empty |title= (help)
   ^ a b "Land and Water Area of States (2000)". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 2008-04-11. Note: This area is based on U.S. Census Bureau figures. Other sources such as The World Almanac and the Rand McNally World Atlas use an area of 49,576 square miles (128,400 km2), which would rank the state 30th.
   ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012" (CSV). 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-22.
   ^ "Marcy". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
   ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
   ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
   ^ Sam Roberts (March 14, 2013). "http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/14/nyregion/more-people-moving-to-bronx-census-shows.html". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
   ^ Moore, Tina. "The Bronx is up - and the Battery"s up! In fact, city population is booming to its highest number ever". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
   ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000, Ranked by July 1, 2011 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
   ^ Blake Ellis (March 25, 2011). "America's 5 biggest cities". CNN. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
   ^ Nevius, Michelle and James, "New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference", Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2012-9-24.
   ^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). ISBN 978-0-486-48637-6
   ^ "Declaration of Independence". history.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
   ^ Alan Taylor (2006). The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers, and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45471-7.
   ^ "Sullivan/Clinton Interactive Map Set". Retrieved 2010-08-30.
   ^ Chen, David W. Battle Over Iroquois Land Claims Escalates [1] The New York Times. May 16, 2000. . Retrieved 2008-04-11.
   ^ "Happy Evacuation Day". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
   ^ "New York's Ratification". The U.S. Constitution Online. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
   ^ "The Erie Canal: A Brief History". New York State Canals. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
   ^ Phisterer, Frederick, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 1861 To 1865, Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1890, p. 88.
   ^ National Park Service: Castle Garden as An Immigrant Depot:1855-1890
   ^ National Park Service: Castle Clinton
   ^ Vincent J. Cannato: American Passage: The History of Ellis Island. p.50: Harper Collins (2009) ISBN 0060742739
   ^ New York Times: THE ELLIS ISLAND VERDICT: THE RULING; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island [2]
   ^ National Park Service
   ^ "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. April 29, 2005. Retrieved 2006-11-06.
   ^ About the Adirondack Park, Adirondack Park Agency. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
   ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1619. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
   ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1437. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
   ^ Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
   ^ "Climate of New York". New York State Climate Office - Cornell University. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
   ^ The New York Post (June 3, 2007). "A Breath of Fresh New York Air". Retrieved 2007-06-06.[dead link]
   ^ "Typical High and Low Temperatures For Various New York Cities". US Travel Weather. Retrieved 2010-03-24.
   ^ a b "Catskill Park History". catskillpark.org. Archived from the original on 2008-07-05. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
   ^ "Age/sex/race in New York State: Based on Census 2010". Retrieved 2012-05-15.
   ^ "Map of eleven regions". Visitnewyorkstate.net. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
   ^ "2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data - Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States - Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 14, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-14.
   ^ "New York: 2000 (Population and Housing Unit Counts)" (PDF). 2000 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved 2010-09-18. (page 1 of the document, page 31 of the file)
   ^ Timothy S. Parker (September 10, 2010). "New York Fact Sheet: NY agriculture income population food education employment farms top commodities exports counties financial indicators poverty organic farming farm income America USDA". Ers.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
   ^ "Domestic Migration Flows for States from the 2005 ACS" (Microsoft Word). Archived from the original on 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-19.
   ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000" (Text). Retrieved 2007-01-05.
   ^ "DP-3. Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics: 2000, Geographic Area: New York". U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
   ^ Simone Weichselbaum (June 26, 2012). "Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
   ^ a b c "New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. January 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
   ^ Awesome America: New York. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
   ^ "New York - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
   ^ "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. June 3, 2012.
   ^ "Language Map Data Center". Mla.org. July 17, 2007. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
   ^ Egon Mayer, PhD; Barry A. Kosmin, PhD, Ariela Keysar, PhD (2001). "American Religious Identification Survey(Key Findings)". The City University of New York. Retrieved 2007-01-05.[dead link]
   ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | Maps & Reports". Thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
   ^ "Market highlights for first half-year 2010". World Federation of Exchanges. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
   ^ [greyhill.com/gdp-by-state "GDP by State"] Check |url= scheme (help). Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved 2011-09-08.
   ^ 13 States Face Total Budget Shortfall of at Least $23 Billion in 2009; 11 Others Expect Budget Problems, December 18, 2007, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities
   ^ Bls.gov; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
   ^ "NYS DMV - Statistics - NYS Driver Licenses on File - 2008". New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
   ^ "NYS DMV - Statistics - Vehicle Registrations in Force - 2008". New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
   ^ "New York celebrates new era as cars are banished from Times Square". London: MailOnline. May 26, 2009. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
   ^ (February 11, 2010). "Pedestrian Plaza To Remain Permanent Fixture Of Times Square". NY1.com. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
   ^ Office of the New York State Comptroller (2006-11). "2006 Annual Report on Local Governments" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-11-14.
   ^ New York City Finance Division (March 11, 2005). "A Fair Share State Budget: Does Albany Play Fair with NYC?". Retrieved 2006-07-19.
   ^ "Federal Spending in Each State Per Dollar of Federal Taxes FY2005". Tax Foundation. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
   ^ Rey, Jay (December 22, 2010). "N.Y.'s slow growth will mean loss of two seats in House". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
   ^ Rob Gallagher (October 25, 2005). "New York Executions". Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
   ^ Scott, Brendan (July 24, 2008). "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL". New York Post. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
   ^ Powell, Michael (April 13, 2005). "In N.Y., Lawmakers Vote Not to Reinstate Capital Punishment". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-11.
   ^ Nicholas Confessore and Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
   ^ Opensecrets.org (May 16, 2005). "2006 Election Overview: Top Zip codes". Retrieved 2006-07-19.
   ^ Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception Across the Color Line, New York: Penguin Press, 2009, p. 213
   ^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 28, 2010). "New York Leads Nation in Education Spending". The Business Review (American City Business Journals, Inc). Retrieved 2010-06-29.
  
  Further reading
  Main article: Bibliography of New York
  
   French, John Homer (1860). Historical and statistical gazetteer of New York State. Syracuse, New York: R. Pearsall Smith. OCLC 224691273.
   New York State Historical Association (1940). New York: A Guide to the Empire State. New York City: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-60354-031-5. OCLC 504264143.
  
  Note: Linked titles redirect to a free, full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive.
  External links
  Find more about New York at Wikipedia's sister projects
   Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
   Media from Commons
   Learning resources from Wikiversity
   News stories from Wikinews
   Quotations from Wikiquote
   Source texts from Wikisource
   Textbooks from Wikibooks
   Travel guide from Wikivoyage
  
  General
  
   New York at the Open Directory Project
  
  Government
  
   State Government website
   Governor
   New York State Senate
   New York State Assembly
   New York State Unified Court System
   Constitution of New York (or see Wikisource-logo.svg Wikisource)
  
  Tourism and recreation
  
   I ♥ New York
   New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation
  
  Culture and history
  
   Dutch West Indies 1630-1975
   New York State Historical Association
   New York State Cultural Education Center
   New York State Guide from the Library of Congress
   Over 350 Photos of Old New York City (1890-1990)
  
  Maps and Demographics
  
   USGS geographic resources of New York
   New York State Climate Office (NOAA and Cornell University)
   New York State Fact Sheet
   2000 Census of Population and Housing for New York, U.S. Census Bureau
   OPENCities Monitor participant
   Geographic data related to New York at OpenStreetMap
  
  [hide]
  
   v
   t
   e
  
   State of New York
  Albany (capital)
  The Empire State
  Topics
  
   Administrative divisions
   Bibliography
   Congressional districts
   Constitution
   Demographics
   Economy
   Education
   Elections
   Geography
   Government
   Governor
   Legislature
   Court System
   History
   Symbols
   People
   Politics
   Transportation
   Visitor Attractions
  
  Regions
  
   Adirondack Mountains
   Allegheny Plateau
   Capital District
   Catskill Mountains
   Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking)
   Central New York
   Champlain Valley
   City of New York
   Finger Lakes
   Holland Purchase
   Hudson Highlands
   Hudson Valley
   Long Island
   Mohawk Valley
   New York Metro
   Niagara Frontier
   North Country
   Ridge and Valley
   Saint Lawrence Seaway
   Shawangunks
   Ski country
   Southern Tier
   Southtowns
   Tech Valley
   Thousand Islands
   Upstate
   Western
  
  Metro areas
  
   Albany / Schenectady / Troy
   Binghamton
   Buffalo / Niagara Falls
   Elmira / Corning
   Glens Falls
   Ithaca
   Kingston
   New York City
   Poughkeepsie / Newburgh / Middletown
   Rochester
   Syracuse
   Utica / Rome
  
  Counties
  
   Albany
   Allegany
   Bronx
   Broome
   Cattaraugus
   Cayuga
   Chautauqua
   Chemung
   Chenango
   Clinton
   Columbia
   Cortland
   Delaware
   Dutchess
   Erie
   Essex
   Franklin
   Fulton
   Genesee
   Greene
   Hamilton
   Herkimer
   Jefferson
   Kings
   Lewis
   Livingston
   Madison
   Monroe
   Montgomery
   Nassau
   New York
   Niagara
   Oneida
   Onondaga
   Ontario
   Orange
   Orleans
   Oswego
   Otsego
   Putnam
   Queens
   Rensselaer
   Richmond
   Rockland
   Saint Lawrence
   Saratoga
   Schenectady
   Schoharie
   Schuyler
   Seneca
   Steuben
   Suffolk
   Sullivan
   Tioga
   Tompkins
   Ulster
   Warren
   Washington
   Wayne
   Westchester
   Wyoming
   Yates
  
  [show]
  
   v
   t
   e
  
  The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America
  [show]
  
   v
   t
   e
  
  Political divisions of the United States
  [show]
  
   v
   t
   e
  
  United States topics
   Ontario
  Lake Ontario Quebec Lake Champlain
  Lake Erie Vermont
   Massachusetts
   Connecticut
   New York: Outline • Index
   Pennsylvania New Jersey Atlantic Ocean
  
  
  Preceded by
  Virginia List of U.S. states by date of statehood
  Ratified Constitution on July 26, 1788 (11th) Succeeded by
  North Carolina
  
  Coordinates: 43№N 75№W
  
   Flag of New York.svgNew York portal
   Flag of the United States.svgUSA portal
  
  Categories:
  
   Former British colonies
   New York
   States of the United States
   Mid-Atlantic
  
  Navigation menu
  
   Create account
   Log in
  
   Article
   Talk
  
   Read
   View source
   View history
  
   Main page
   Contents
   Featured content
   Current events
   Random article
   Donate to Wikipedia
  
  Interaction
  
   Help
   About Wikipedia
   Community portal
   Recent changes
   Contact Wikipedia
  
  Toolbox
  Print/export
  Languages
  
   Afrikaans
   Alemannisch
   አማርኛ
   Ænglisc
   العربية
   Aragonés
   ܐܪܡܝܐ
   Arpetan
   Asturianu
   Avañe'ẽ
   Aymar aru
   Azərbaycanca
   বাংলা
   Bân-lâm-gú
   Беларуская
   Беларуская (тарашкевiца)‎
   Bikol Central
   Bislama
   Български
   Boarisch
   Bosanski
   Brezhoneg
   Català
   Чӑвашла
   Cebuano
   Česky
   Chavacano de Zamboanga
   Corsu
   Cymraeg
   Dansk
   Deutsch
   Diné bizaad
   Eesti
   Ελληνικά
   Español
   Esperanto
   Euskara
   فارسی
   Fiji Hindi
   Føroyskt
   Français
   Frysk
   Gaeilge
   Gaelg
   Gagauz
   Gàidhlig
   Galego
   Hak-kâ-fa
   Хальмг
   한국어
   Hawai`i
   Հայերեն
   हिन्दी
   Hornjoserbsce
   Hrvatski
   Ido
   Igbo
   Ilokano
   বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী
   Bahasa Indonesia
   Interlingua
   ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
   Iñupiak
   Ирон
   IsiZulu
   Íslenska
   Italiano
   עברית
   Basa Jawa
   ಕನ್ನಡ
   ქართული
   Қазақша
   Kernowek
   Kiswahili
   Kreyòl ayisyen
   Kurdî
   Кырык мары
   Ladino
   Latina
   Latviešu
   Lëtzebuergesch
   Lietuvių
   Ligure
   Limburgs
   Lojban
   Lumbaart
   Magyar
   Македонски
   മലയാളം
   Māori
   मराठी
   مصرى
   Bahasa Melayu
   မြန်မာဘာသာ
   Nāhuatl
   Nederlands
   日本語
   Nordfriisk
   Norsk bokmål
   Norsk nynorsk
   Occitan
   Oʻzbekcha
   ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
   Pälzisch
   پنجابی
   Papiamentu
   ភាសាខ្មែរ
   Piemontèis
   Plattdüütsch
   Polski
   Português
   Română
   Rumantsch
   Runa Simi
   Русский
   Sámegiella
   संस्कृतम्
   Scots
   Seeltersk
   Shqip
   Sicilianu
   Simple English
   Slovenčina
   Slovenščina
   Ślůnski
   کوردی
   Српски / srpski
   Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
   Suomi
   Svenska
   Tagalog
   தமிழ்
   Татарча/tatarça
   తెలుగు
   ไทย
   ᏣᎳᎩ
   Türkçe
   Українська
   اردو
   ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
   Tiếng Việt
   Volapük
   West-Vlams
   Winaray
   吴语
   ייִדיש
   Yorùbá
   粵語
   Žemaitėška
   中文
   Edit links
  
   This page was last modified on 25 June 2013 at 20:08.
   Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.
   Wikipediaў is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
  
   Privacy policy
   About Wikipedia
   Disclaimers
   Contact Wikipedia
   Mobile view
  
   Wikimedia Foundation
   Powered by MediaWiki
  
 Ваша оценка:
Связаться с программистом сайта.

Новые книги авторов СИ, вышедшие из печати:
О.Болдырева "Крадуш. Чужие души" М.Николаев "Вторжение на Землю"

Как попасть в этoт список

Кожевенное мастерство | Сайт "Художники" | Доска об'явлений "Книги"