Низовцев Юрий Михайлович
On the similarities and differences between the thinking of animals, people and artificial intelligence

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  • Аннотация:
    The problem of thinking, animals, a person and an artificial intelligence has not yet been completely resolved. In particular, some scientists believe that the artificial intelligence not only thinks, but also has creativity, not taking into account that feelings and thinking are inextricably linked, while the artificial intelligence has no feelings, and its "thinking" is reduced to the usual processing of information in accordance with the programs embedded in it. This problem is discussed in more detail below.
  
  
  Keywords: information, thinking, consciousness, person, animals, artificial intelligence, program, mutations, adaptability, creativity.
  
  If we accept that the basis of thinking is the reception, processing, storage and transmission of information, and information itself is data about the state of material objects that are recognized when scanning the environment with the available means, then we can note a significant difference between the thinking of people and animals, on the one hand, and the "thinking" of an artificial intelligence, on the other, despite the fact that what is common to an artificial intelligence, people and other living beings is their possession of sensors for receiving information, a center or centers for processing information, memory cells and information transmission systems.
  This difference is as follows.
  A person and animals are subjective, representing beings that manage without external guidance, while the artificial intelligence (AI) is under the complete influence of external sources that introduce programs into it to solve problems that it can handle, and supply it with energy for this. That is, without external influence, and, moreover, created by external forces, AI turns into a pile of junk.
  Living beings, just like AI, process information in their centers to solve problems that arise during their interaction with the external environment, but being, unlike AI, independent users of the results of this processing, they are forced to represent this environment not in the form of symbols, but objectively for their own understanding, for example, representing oscillations of one frequency as heat, another frequency as light, a third as sound, etc.
  AI operates with symbols that do not turn into sensations, since it does not need them due to its dependence, since it works for a specific user, thus being in an artificial digital environment, and this user applies the results obtained by it for its own needs, that is, it is not the AI that chooses the user, but the user that chooses it, or rather, the task and the program for it.
  This means that AI, existing in reality in the form of "hardware" and programs, is always shuts to the external consumer, solving the problems set by it, without having its own needs, since it has no sensations. Therefore, the concept of "existence" is absent for it.
  Therefore, AI does not think, but functions within the framework of tasks assigned to it from the outside according to certain programs without understanding the target nature of these tasks, mechanically, and only when it is connected to a power source.
  For example, AI, solving a task, does not think about how its solution will affect itself, but is able to point out certain negative consequences that arise in the course of solving this task. That is, the concept of life is absent for it. However, it can imitate it so well that even many scientists think it is a thinking being.
  Indeed, an extraordinary amount of memory, speed, excellent use of the rules of the formal logic allows it instantly to solve problems that previously took years to solve, as well as manage the most complex research and production cycles even on other planets.
  How can we not worship AI and not fear it in this case?
  But we should fear ourselves, and not the dead matter, which is "started" by living beings for various, including dubious, purposes.
  In essence, the capabilities of AI overlap all human capabilities, except for one - creativity, that follows from the formal-logical nature of the programs embedded in it.
  However, this feature of a person ensures development itself, consisting of discoveries and inventions of that new thing that destroys or changes the old.
  Therefore, for example, the humanity's refusal to use its own mental and labor resources in terms of creativity means, at best, social, scientific and industrial stagnation, despite the external splendor created by AI in terms of consumption, which, in fact, is of primary importance for animals, but not for a person, since a person always wants something new due to dissatisfaction with what they have, which is what affects development, which AI is unable to provide. That is, the concept of dissatisfaction, which is fundamental to the process of development of life, is absent from AI.
  More information about dissatisfaction can be found in my article "What can dissatisfaction provide and how does it act?".
  In other words, AI is nothing more than a handy tool for improving the human life, but so good that it can destroy him in the well-being he creates, obtained without any effort.
  If a person, unlike animals and AI, is capable of creativity, which ensures development in the new and unknown that is constantly opening up with its help, then it makes sense to try to determine what contributes to the manifestation of creativity in him.
  It is curious that upon deeper examination of the difference between the thinking of animals and humans, a significant difference appears in relation to their interaction with randomness.
  It is known that the live organisms unlike inanimate have set of signs: metabolism and energy, ability to growth and development, to reproduction, to maintenance of a certain structure. Furthermore, they are characterized by self-regulation of the metabolic system and they have ability to exact self-reproduction of own metabolic system (DNA replication, its matrix copying and synthesis of proteins-enzymes, specifically determined) etc.
  At reproduction the repetition in consecutive generations of identical forms of exchange is manifested. Successors receive the program of exchange in the form of molecules DNA, on the basis of which they produce own signs and properties.
  This program is found in genes of every cell of any organism, the totality of which constitutes the genotype of the organism.
  Genotype is a system of interacting genes, manifestation of each of which depends on other genes and from the general genetic environment.
  The genotype became complicated in the course of evolution. In particular, if at the elementary organisms - viruses - it contained tens of genes, then at the highest mammals the quantity of genes in a genotype has increased up to tens of thousands.
  Owing to interaction of a genotype and the external environment the genotype is shown in it in the form of a number of signs (phenotype): the number of signs has compliance with number of genes.
  The most harmonious interaction of an organism through a phenotype with the environment is noted by natural selection in competitive struggle of organisms with fixing in chromosomes of the genes corresponding to these signs, with the subsequent inheritance of the fixed genes. Descendants thereby receive genes which determine emergence of these or those signs. Material for natural selection are, as a rule, random changes (mutations) of the genotype as a whole or any part of it. Mutations can be harmful or beneficial for the organism depending on the conditions of its existence [2. Ch. 3].
  Thus, random changes in the genotype, which are usually of an external nature (changes in natural conditions, diseases, stresses, etc.) significantly affect the development of living beings.
  Genetics also explain the complication of the simplest organisms by the arbitrary nature of this phenomenon, although, of course, arbitrariness cannot be characteristic of a complex process of natural selection, since any live organism acts in strict accordance with the program which is available in the genome. This program assumes use of any failures (mistakes) during realization, in particular, the programs of replication, by means of remembering and application, at their positive influence on the reproduction process, fixing these failures in the available program, i.e., adding an extra combination of links to the former links, recorded in the program.
  Thereby this procedure, on the one hand, increases number of combinations of links in a genome, complicating it, and on the other hand, this process of use of new links, positive for replication, in effect, means gradual formation of some kind of reflexes on the remembered irritation that, naturally, is reflected on a phenotype.
  All these consequences of mutations have no relation to arbitrariness and they find an explanation, first, in the inescapable deep activity of the living organisms distinguishing them from lifeless objects, that is called by consciousness, and secondly, in possession by any living organism of the complex program, allowing a organism to develop, i.e. to multiply, become more complicated, retain own structure from disintegration by effective exchange of substance and energy with the environment.
  By itself, the process of complication of living organisms in the course of their interaction with the environment is the derivative from the process of their adaptation to the environment, which along with the dominant process of complication of the organisms can be manifested and in stability of organisms to the change long time, if they find full compliance with the environment, and the failures in their programs are of a balanced character, without influencing, for example, on the reproduction process in any way. In this case the program on the protein carrier remains almost invariable on the action, how and a phenotype, which is manifested in appearance and structure of an organism (some viruses and bacteria).
  Thus, evolution represents gradual accumulation of the various, more or less difficult living beings appearing and disappearing during natural selection during billions of years. These beings are characterized by the full unity with the environment, i.e., they aren't capable to separate themselves from the environment independently, because the action program which is written down in genes of each living being determines it as a component of the living environment, the sole support which is an instinct-reflex activity, but not as the certain subject of conscious-target impact on the environment.
  That is, the random nature of mutations, occurring from external (natural) influences, means for a living being the possibility of only adapting to the environment, but not the possibility of going beyond the environment.
  For this reason, it is pointless to consider mutations as the main through factor that ultimately led the bacterium to a largely extra-natural being - a person.
  In other words, the mutations in the living organisms are manifestation of interaction of organisms with the environment, i.e. with other organisms and inorganic connections. By means of this manifestation the organisms enshrine in the programs, which are written down on protein compounds in a genome, of a positive reaction for themselves of this interaction, got as if accidentally. However, this "random character of the event" for the living organisms isn't casual at all, inasmuch the difference of the living organisms from the lifeless complexes consists in ability to search of the most acceptable conditions for themselves by means of trials and errors, on what the lifeless isn't capable.
  Therefore, each positive random change, which is reflected in structure of a genome, means the accumulation of number of these spontaneous "search" changes, inevitably leading with achievement of a certain limit to the qualitative changes of the organism. However, any natural processes have natural borders, consequence which is the fact that transition of quantitative casual changes into qualitative structural transformations is closed in the established natural frames: in this case - within reflex and instinctive actions of all organisms, that represents the only possible manifestation of consciousness at the level of casual changes (mutations), consequence of which is only a search for more acceptable conditions for existence by trial and error, which outlines the circle of thinking of these creatures.
  The only possible way to think outside of logic and creativity is because the body uses new connections, positive for reproduction, in effect, means the gradual formation of only "conditioned" reflexes on the remembered irritation, reflected on the phenotype.
  On the one hand, the similar phenomenon has no relation to an arbitrariness, and it cannot be classified as purely coincidental.
  On the other hand, consciousness of a live organism at this level of development, i.e. in the presence of the program capable to initiate only reflex and instinctive actions, in itself isn't capable to move to a new level of not like the formal logical thinking characteristic of AI, neither to a new level of thinking - creative, which is characterized by free expression of oneself, that is, it is capable of independent and proactive translation of what is into what is not, but you want it to be.
  The randomness, being more inclined to chaos, is not capable of being a reliable support for the structural order, violating it all the time. Therefore, giving continuous changes to the living environment, it also contributes to the equally continuous destruction of the emerging order, forcing living beings to completely obey itself, especially without thinking, the basis of which is the reflexive-instinctive mechanism of action - the same for all living beings, no matter what happens to them.
  However, it is required to Creation both destruction and more or less successful creation which can satisfy consciousness, having given an incentive to its development by removal from senselessness of existence only on level of consumption of sensations.
  Thus, in Creation the most succeeds concerning acquisition of meanings in conjugation them with sensations is only who can figure how more effectively to destroy or create something, but on this effect are able not accidental procedures, not some order, a prerequisite for which is stability, but only the creativity and initiative, always leading to rather rapid achievement of the expected or unexpected result, harm, advantage or even insignificant meaning of which can understand only the being with these properties, i.e. a being, understanding oneself.
  What then is the basis of creativity, so necessary for rapid development in the process of learning something new? [3].
  Obviously, the basis for creativity can be such a structure of the information processing center and body control (brain), which, unlike the information processing center of the artificial intelligence, is capable of both logical and arbitrary thinking. Such a combination based on sensations, creating a volitional impulse that keeps a person in his laborious desire for discoveries, and makes, in principle, any person capable of creativity.
  True, the extremely diverse structure of the human brain makes the scale of creativity quite stretched. Therefore, only a small part of people can use it effectively enough. In addition, the problem of survival and poverty prevents the majority of the population from joining this intellectual sphere of activity.
  It is extremely important, if we compare AI and the human brain, AI, in comparison with the brain, is a rather primitive electronic signal converter, the improvement of which will not bring it any closer to the extraordinary capabilities of the brain, and their symbiosis, which transhumanists count on, is completely impossible.
  The biological, not purely electrical, like a computer, structure of the brain is as follows. Signals in the brain are transmitted not electrically, but chemically through neurotransmitters in the junctions between neurons - synapses, each tiny neuron has from 199 thousand to a million synaptic connections. Signal routes are determined by active fields of the cortex, which coordinate various functions of body parts, and the formation of new synapses is the basis of long-term memory and creative thinking. The instability of synapses, that is, the random nature of their formation and destruction, can make human thinking arbitrary with certain efforts and thereby lead him to completely new connections and relationships, which makes it possible for creativity to manifest itself in the flow of thoughts [4].
  A person is the most perfect instrument of consciousness in terms of developing and changing consciousness as himself, and its communities, since the information sphere of its activities is not limited by anything - from the most primitive feelings to the most remarkable discoveries and assumptions, and the temporary existence of a person as the finite is compensated by the fact that consciousness, present in it does not disappear, arising again and again, i.e., it manifests discretely through man in his finite civilizations, which appear on countless exoplanets of innumerable universes endlessly.
  
  Bibliography
  1. Nizovtsev Yu. M. Contradictory, but real. Collection. Section 2. 2021. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: Amazon.
  2. Markov A.V. Evidence of evolution. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: evolbiol.ru (Evolution problems)
  3. Nizovtsev Yu. M. On the ratio of cognition and consciousness. 2025. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: samlib.ru.
  4. Nizovtsev Yu. M. On the role of randomness in Creation. 2025. [Electronic resource]. Access mode: samlib.ru.
  
  
  
  
  
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